{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:02:45Z","timestamp":1788609765283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma synoviae<\/jats:italic> (MS) is a globally important avian pathogen causing infectious synovitis and respiratory diseases in poultry, leading to significant economic losses. Despite advances in vaccine development, a commercially viable subunit vaccine against MS remains elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sequenced whole genomes of six clinical MS strains isolated from different Chinese provinces. Common genes were analyzed using Biopython software, identifying those with high copy numbers in virulent strains and shared among all strains. Vaxign2 and IEDB Antibody Epitope Prediction were used to analyze protein properties. We assessed immune protective effects of candidate proteins and developed a multivalent subunit vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten candidate vaccine proteins were initially selected. A multivalent subunit vaccine composed of MSPB, Ppht, Cfba, and EF-G displayed the best protective effect. The optimal immunization dosage was 20\u03bcg, with each protein accounting for 25%. The immune production period was determined to be 28 days post-first immunization, lasting 180 days. The immune protection rate against highly virulent strains reached 90%\u223c100%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides a new approach for screening vaccine antigens and develops an effective candidate vaccine for MS prevention. The multivalent subunit vaccine shows promising results in protecting against MS infections, potentially offering a solution to reduce economic losses in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T05:10:17Z","timestamp":1729660217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Target antigen screening and development of a multi-component subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma synoviae in chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuxing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoxia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102889","article-title":"Multidrug resistant and multivirulent avian bacterial pathogens: tackling experimental leg disorders using phytobiotics and antibiotics alone or in combination","volume":"102","author":"Awad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0223-6","article-title":"Mycoplasma synoviae enolase is a plasminogen\/fibronectin binding protein","volume":"10","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm110","article-title":"Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing","volume":"57","author":"Baxter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup. Med. (Lond)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1637\/21-00057","article-title":"Prevalence of mycoplasma synoviae and its impact on productivity in commercial poultry farms in quebec, Canada","volume":"65","author":"Bergeron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01660-18","article-title":"Evidence for multidrug resistance in nonpathogenic mycoplasma species isolated from South African poultry","volume":"84","author":"Beylefeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2011.03.012","article-title":"The Mycoplasma gallisepticum \u03b1-enolase is cell surface-exposed and mediates adherence by binding to chicken plasminogen","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1861216","article-title":"Minimal inhibitory concentration of seven antimicrobials to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae isolates from six European countries","volume":"50","author":"de Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.040","article-title":"Epidemiological study on Mycoplasma synoviae infection in layers","volume":"114","author":"Dufour-Gesbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1410-1416","article-title":"Detection and antibiotic resistance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae among chicken flocks in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Emam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2021.1944605","article-title":"Clinical expression, epidemiology, and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update","volume":"51","author":"Feberwee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802662772","article-title":"Induction of eggshell apex abnormalities by Mycoplasma synoviae: field and experimental studies","volume":"38","author":"Feberwee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1282602","article-title":"Quantification of the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma synoviae in non-vaccinated and MS-H-vaccinated layers","volume":"46","author":"Feberwee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.08.032","article-title":"Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Mycoplasma bovis is a plasminogen-binding adhesin","volume":"124","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.109995","article-title":"Evaluation of protective efficacy of inactivated Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine with different adjuvants","volume":"220","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev232","article-title":"Eradication of Mycoplasma synoviae from a multi-age broiler breeder farm using antibiotics therapy","volume":"94","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.02.010","article-title":"Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is involved in Mycoplasma bovis colonization as a fibronectin-binding adhesin","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500465775","article-title":"Organization of the Mycoplasma synoviae WVU 1853T vlhA gene locus","volume":"35","author":"Jeffery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1637\/7429-083005r.1","article-title":"Determination of the effective dose of the live Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine, Vaxsafe MS (strain MS-H) by protection against experimental challenge","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1637\/7465-103005r.1","article-title":"Duration of immunity with Mycoplasma synoviae: comparison of the live attenuated vaccine MS-H (Vaxsafe MS) with its wild-type parent strain 86079\/7NS","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1266-2","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma synoviae strains originating from Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"13","author":"Kreizinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.12.005","article-title":"Mycoplasma synoviae lipoprotein MSPB, the N-terminal part of VlhA haemagglutinin, induces secretion of nitric oxide, IL-6 and IL-1beta in chicken macrophages","volume":"121","author":"Lavric","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1354548","article-title":"Development of a rapid quantitative method to differentiate MS1 vaccine strain from wild-type Mycoplasma synoviae","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802272952","article-title":"Use of polymerase chain reactions to detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma imitans, Mycoplasma iowae, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Mycoplasma synoviae in birds of prey","volume":"37","author":"Lierz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2012.00806.x","article-title":"Surface-expressed enolase contributes to the adhesion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to host cells","volume":"12","author":"Marcos","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/1592702","article-title":"Safety of a temperature-sensitive clone of Mycoplasma synoviae as a live vaccine","volume":"42","author":"Markham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102139","article-title":"Inactivated pentavalent vaccine against mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis for chickens","volume":"101","author":"Marouf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1145354","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium","volume":"45","author":"Michiels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05671-11","article-title":"A surface enolase participates in Borrelia burgdorferi-plasminogen interaction and contributes to pathogen survival within feeding ticks","volume":"80","author":"Nogueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)51[550:Saeotm]2.0.Co;2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the Mycoplasma synoviae MS-H vaccine in Turkeys","volume":"51","author":"Noormohammadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2003)047[0355:Eotnfc]2.0.Co;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the non-temperature-sensitive field clonal isolates of the Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine strain MS-H","volume":"47","author":"Noormohammadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296911","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship hindered by inadequate biosecurity and biosafety practices, and inappropriate antibiotics usage in poultry farms of Nepal-A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Poudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231545","article-title":"Occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sawicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073954","article-title":"Mutations in GTP binding protein Obg of Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine strain MS-H: implications in temperature-sensitivity phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Shahid","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.604840","article-title":"Variation of vlhA gene in Mycoplasma synoviae clones isolated from chickens","volume":"40","author":"Slavec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038836","article-title":"[amp]]alpha;-Enolase, an adhesion-related factor of Mycoplasma bovis","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101522","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations and locally determined genotype diversity of Mycoplasma synoviae in Central China from 2017 to 2019","volume":"101","author":"Sui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1029-0","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of Mycoplasma Synoviae in native chicken breeds in China","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1664725","article-title":"Relative contribution of vertical, within-farm and between-farm transmission of Mycoplasma synoviae in layer pullet flocks","volume":"49","author":"Ter Veen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102006","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations and multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma synoviae isolates from chicken farms in China","volume":"102","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01036","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Salmonella and Mycoplasma infection in backyard chickens in the state of Entre Rios in Argentina","volume":"90","author":"Xavier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex134","article-title":"Serological investigation of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in China from 2010 to 2015","volume":"96","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0610-2","article-title":"Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase encoded by a core gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae contributes to host cell adhesion","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03104-4","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Mycoplasma Synoviae strains isolated in China from 2016 to 2019","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126685","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma synoviae infection","volume":"253","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458865\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T05:10:21Z","timestamp":1729660221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458865\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458865","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"article-number":"1458865"}}