{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:48:13Z","timestamp":1793227693549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Varied congenital heart disease (CHD) may induce gut microbiota dysbiosis due to intestinal hypoperfusion or\/and hypoxemia. Microbiota dysbiosis has been found in preoperative infants and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) exacerbated it further. However, the trajectory of gut microbiota from pre- to early post-CPB and one-year later remains unexplored. We examined this trajectory in the two most common CHDs, i.e., left-to-right shunt (ventricular septal defect, VSD) vs. right-to-left shunt (tetralogy of Fallot, TOF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 13 infants with VSD and 11 with TOF, and collected fecal samples at pre- and early post-CPB. 10 and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy control infants were enrolled respectively. We also enrolled 13 and 9 gender- and CHD diagnosis- and operation-matched one-year post-CPB patients, and 8 age- and gender-matched healthy control children. 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to the control groups, both VSD and TOF pre-CPB groups had significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae and <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, and decreased <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Ps \u2264<\/jats:italic> 0.049). No significant change in microbial community diversity was observed between pre- and early post-CPB periods (<jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic>\u22650.227). Compared with early post-CPB, one-year post-CPB groups had significantly increased short-chain fatty acids-producing microbes (<jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.025), and their microbial communities were close to that of the control group (<jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic>\u22650.102). There was no significant difference in microbial communities between VSD and TOF groups in any of 3 periods (<jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic>\u22650.055).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In children with VSD or TOF, gut microbiota dysbiosis existed preoperatively and were not significantly altered by CPB. One-year post-CPB, microbiota significantly improved towards normal. Similar microbial communities were found between children with VSD and TOF throughout the perioperative and long-term postoperative periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1470925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1739430456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trajectory of gut microbiota before and after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuliang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.10.012","article-title":"Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass is a risk factor for intestinal ischaemic damage and endotoxaemia","volume":"26","author":"Adamik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9949","article-title":"Microbiota-activated PPAR-\u03b3 signaling inhibits dysbiotic Enterobacteriaceae expansion","volume":"357","author":"Byndloss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.021","article-title":"Infant gut microbiome associated with cognitive development","volume":"83","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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