{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:11:52Z","timestamp":1791205912078,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraamniotic infection is crucial in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes(PPROM), a clinical condition resulting from the invasion of vaginal opportunistic microbes into the amniotic cavity. Although previous studies have suggested potential associations between infection and PPROM, the role of vaginalopportunistic bacteria in PPROM has received limited attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to confirm the vaginal bacterial etiology of PPROM. We investigated vaginal microbiotas using automatic analysis of vaginal discharge, microbiological tests, and 16s rRNA genehigh-throughput sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research findings revealed that the proportion of parabasal epitheliocytes, leukocytes, toxic leukocytes, and bacteria with diameters smaller than 1.5 um was significantly higher in the PPROM group than that in the normal full-term labor (TL) group. The top three vaginal opportunistic bacterial isolates in all participants were 9.47% Escherichia coli, 5.99% Streptococcus agalactiae, and 3.57% Enterococcus faecalis. The bacterial resistance differed, but all the isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. Compared with the vaginal microbiota dysbiosis (VMD) TL (C) group, the VMD PPROM (P) group demonstrated more operational taxonomic units, a high richness of bacterial taxa, and a different beta-diversity index. Indicator species analysis revealed that Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Veillonellaceae bacterium DNF00626 were strongly associated with the C group. Unlike the C group, the indicator bacteria in the P group were Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provide solidevidence that an abnormal vaginal microbiome is a very crucial risk factorclosely related to PPROM. There were no unique bacteria in the vaginalmicrobiota of the PPROM group; however, the relative abundance of bacteria inthe abnormal vaginal flora of PPROM pregnancies differed. Antibiotics should bereasonably selected based on drug sensitivity testing. The findings presented in this paper enhance our understanding of Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli vaginal bacterial etiology of PPROM in Western China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1471027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T06:11:38Z","timestamp":1730355098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The microbiome biomarkers of pregnant women\u2019s vaginal area predict preterm prelabor rupture in Western China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuanting","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-020-00065-7","article-title":"Non-adherence to inhaled medications among adult asthmatic patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Aberhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asthma Res. 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