{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:05:46Z","timestamp":1790867146872,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>) co-infection presents a significant public health challenge worldwide. Comprehensive assessment of the immune response in HIV\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> co-infection is complex and challenging. CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response to both HIV and <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>. The differentiation of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells follow a hierarchical pattern, with varying degrees of exhaustion throughout the process. Memory stem T cells (T<jats:sub>SCM<\/jats:sub> cells) is at the apex of the memory T lymphocyte system, which has recently emerged as a promising target in immunotherapy. In this context, we discuss the alterations of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>SCM<\/jats:sub> cells in HIV\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> mono- and co-infection, their implications and clinical significance, and potential for improving immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1485825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T05:10:12Z","timestamp":1733807412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Memory stem CD8+T cells in HIV\/Mtb mono- and co-infection: characteristics, implications, and clinical significance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.037","article-title":"Human stem cell-like memory T cells are maintained in a state of dynamic flux","volume":"17","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0311LE","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients: prevalence and correlates","volume":"39","author":"Ajayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"West Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071280","article-title":"Virus-specific stem cell memory CD8+ T cells may indicate a long-term protection against evolving SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Aleksova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01728-18","article-title":"HIV infection functionally impairs mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses","volume":"93","author":"Amelio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0311LE","article-title":"Permanent loss of human leukocyte antigen E-restricted CD8+ T stem memory cells in human tuberculosis","volume":"67","author":"Azgomi","year":"2022","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110266","article-title":"CXCR3 regulates stem and proliferative CD8+ T cells during chronic infection by promoting interactions with DCs in splenic bridging channels","volume":"38","author":"Bangs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106644","article-title":"SIRT2 inhibition by AGK2 enhances mycobacteria-specific stem cell memory responses by modulating beta-catenin and glycolysis","volume":"26","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01586-y","article-title":"Author Correction: Human circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"24","author":"Buggert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01538-6","article-title":"Human circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"24","author":"Buggert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445193","article-title":"Human CD8 T lymphocytes recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens presented by HLA-E during active tuberculosis and express type 2 cytokines","volume":"45","author":"Caccamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20210344","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV","volume":"136","author":"Chauvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (London England: 1979)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12724","article-title":"Tuberculosis patients display a high proportion of CD8+ T cells with a high cytotoxic potential","volume":"63","author":"Ch\u00e1vez-Gal\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-431718","article-title":"IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors","volume":"121","author":"Cieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101122","article-title":"Functional capacity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell responses in humans is associated with mycobacterial load","volume":"187","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094949","article-title":"Patients with tuberculosis disease have Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8 T cells with a pro-apoptotic phenotype and impaired proliferative capacity, which is not restored following treatment","volume":"9","author":"Day","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.014","article-title":"Expansion of T memory stem cells with superior anti-tumor immunity by Urolithin A-induced mitophagy","volume":"55","author":"Denk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286834","article-title":"A mechanistically novel peptide agonist of the IL-7 receptor that addresses limitations of IL-7 cytokine therapy","volume":"18","author":"Dower","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00021-18","article-title":"Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: a clinical review of early stages and progression of infection","volume":"31","author":"Drain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abb9726","article-title":"T cell factor 1: A master regulator of the T cell response in disease","volume":"5","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172549","article-title":"Impairment of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in blood cells of patients with severe cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20222090","article-title":"CD30 co-stimulation drives differentiation of protective T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"220","author":"Foreman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.011","article-title":"Dysfunctional HIV-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation is associated with increased caspase-8 activity and mediated by necroptosis","volume":"41","author":"Gaiha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0791-5","article-title":"Two subsets of stem-like CD8+ memory T cell progenitors with distinct fate commitments in humans","volume":"21","author":"Galletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-10-0356","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in T-cell immunity and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2446","article-title":"A human memory T cell subset with stem cell-like properties","volume":"17","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4241","article-title":"T memory stem cells in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1982","article-title":"Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8+ memory stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00842-6","article-title":"Rapid manufacturing of non-activated potent CAR T cells","volume":"6","author":"Ghassemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12879","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12879","article-title":"Functional pathways regulated by microRNA networks in CD8 T-cell aging","volume":"18","author":"Gustafson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu669","article-title":"Course and clinical significance of CD8+ T-cell counts in a large cohort of HIV-infected individuals","volume":"211","author":"Helleberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907448106","article-title":"Adoptively transferred effector cells derived from naive rather than central memory CD8+ T cells mediate superior antitumor immunity","volume":"106","author":"Hinrichs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211574","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 regulates the stem-like state of PD-1+ TCF-1+ virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection","volume":"219","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190173","article-title":"IL-27 promotes the expansion of self-renewing CD8+ T cells in persistent viral infection","volume":"216","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1086\/374786","article-title":"T cell activation is associated with lower CD4+ T cell gains in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with sustained viral suppression during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"187","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107425","article-title":"Comparative immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people with latent infection or sterilizing protection","volume":"26","author":"Jalbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.49735","article-title":"The NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2 regulates T cell differentiation involved in tumor immune response","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009731107","article-title":"Cooperation of Tim-3 and PD-1 in CD8 T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection","volume":"107","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu505","article-title":"Impaired degranulation and proliferative capacity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals with latent tuberculosis","volume":"211","author":"Kalokhe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14442-6","article-title":"Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Kared","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf3861","article-title":"PD-1 blockade exacerbates Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in rhesus macaques","volume":"6","author":"Kauffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1172\/jci81217","article-title":"Memory T cell-driven differentiation of naive cells impairs adoptive immunotherapy","volume":"126","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877682","article-title":"Efficient derivation of chimeric-antigen receptor-modified TSCM cells","volume":"13","author":"Kranz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182961","article-title":"A key role of CD8+ T cells in controlling of tuberculosis infection","volume":"13","author":"Kudryavtsev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258743","article-title":"BCG vaccination induces enhanced frequencies of memory T cells and altered plasma levels of common \u03b3c cytokines in elderly individuals","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1355OC","article-title":"CD8+ T cells provide an immunologic signature of tuberculosis in young children","volume":"185","author":"Lancioni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802053","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02053-2018","article-title":"Recognition of CD8+ T-cell epitopes to identify adults with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"53","author":"Lancioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.10.001","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy dynamically rescues Th1 and CD8+ T effector levels in Han Chinese pulmonary TB patients","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.032","article-title":"CD8+ T lymphocyte self-renewal during effector cell determination","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02430","article-title":"BATF potentially mediates negative regulation of PD-1\/PD-ls pathway on T cell functions in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"796","article-title":"Advances in the role of stem memory T cells in HIV-1 infection","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bing du xue bao = Chin. J. Virol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.143","article-title":"Identification, isolation and in vitro expansion of human and nonhuman primate T stem cell memory cells","volume":"8","author":"Lugli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0261OC","article-title":"HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes efficiently control mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 coinfection","volume":"62","author":"Manna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282ra48","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa3700","article-title":"Long-lasting stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells with a na\u00efve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Marraco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.029","article-title":"The alarmin interleukin-33 promotes the expansion and preserves the stemness of Tcf-1+ CD8+ T cells in chronic viral infection","volume":"56","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01121-x","article-title":"The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas","volume":"23","author":"Mccaffrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00324","article-title":"Functional, antigen-specific stem cell memory (TSCM) CD4+ T cells are induced by human mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"9","author":"Mpande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712480","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell functional, memory, and activation profiles in quantiFERON-reverters are consistent with controlled infection","volume":"12","author":"Mpande","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41352-0","article-title":"HMGB2 regulates the differentiation and stemness of exhausted CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Neubert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081564","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific CD8(+) T cells rapidly decline with antituberculosis treatment","volume":"8","author":"Nyendak","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa657","article-title":"HIV-1 transcription but not intact provirus levels are associated with systemic inflammation","volume":"223","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0471-6","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway: modulating anticancer immune response","volume":"10","author":"Pai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01896","article-title":"CD8+ T-cell response to HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Perdomo-Celis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210540","article-title":"An altered cytotoxic program of CD8+ T-cells in HIV-infected patients despite HAART-induced viral suppression","volume":"14","author":"Perdomo-Celis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1086\/589862","article-title":"Vaccines: correlates of vaccine-induced immunity","volume":"47","author":"Plotkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. diseases: an Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. America"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42435-8","article-title":"CD8+ T cells control SIV infection using both cytolytic effects and non-cytolytic suppression of virus production","volume":"14","author":"Policicchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit265","article-title":"T-cell immunophenotyping distinguishes active from latent tuberculosis","volume":"208","author":"Pollock","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.638144","article-title":"Elevated numbers of HIV-specific poly-functional CD8+ T cells with stem cell-like and follicular homing phenotypes in HIV-exposed seronegative individuals","volume":"12","author":"Ponnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00180","article-title":"Functional signatures of human CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Prezzemolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01948-14","article-title":"The CD8\u207a memory stem T cell (T(SCM)) subset is associated with improved prognosis in chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"88","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu795","article-title":"Combined use of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses is a powerful diagnostic tool of active tuberculosis","volume":"60","author":"Rozot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243262","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells are functionally and phenotypically different between latent infection and active disease","volume":"43","author":"Rozot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.034","article-title":"Compromised Metabolic Reprogramming Is an Early Indicator of CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"29","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13262","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13262","article-title":"High frequency of memory stem cells with a distinct gene signature in HIV patients with treatment interruption","volume":"97","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02443","article-title":"Phenotype, Polyfunctionality, and Antiviral Activity of in vitro Stimulated CD8+ T-Cells From HIV+ Subjects Who Initiated cART at Different Time-Points After Acute Infection","volume":"9","author":"Salido","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500598","article-title":"Low thymic activity and dendritic cell numbers are associated with the immune response to primary viral infection in elderly humans","volume":"195","author":"Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/hiv.S354436","article-title":"Increased mortality in HIV infected individuals with tuberculosis: A retrospective cohort study, addis ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Seyoum","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl.)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38362","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L pathway inhibits M.tb-specific CD4+ T-cell functions and phagocytosis of macrophages in active tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.08.014","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection depressed cytotoxic T cells activity owing to decreasing NKG2C and increasing NKG2A expression","volume":"162","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.247","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells derived from defined CD8+ and CD4+ subsets confer superior antitumor reactivity","volume":"30","author":"Sommermeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"vivo. Leukemia"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"650","article-title":"Dynamic changes of CD8+ stem memory T cells and their effects on diseases progression in chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Capital Med. Univ."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05749-2","article-title":"HIV infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01897-8","article-title":"Specific CD4+ T cell phenotypes associate with bacterial control in people who 'resist' infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104253","article-title":"Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated in acute HIV infection prevents residual dysfunction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells","volume":"84","author":"Takata","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.08.012","article-title":"An active HIV reservoir during ART is associated with maintenance of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell magnitude and short-lived differentiation status","volume":"31","author":"Takata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1162420","article-title":"Characterization of peripheral cytokine-secreting cells responses in HIV\/TB co-infection","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152307","article-title":"Effective treatment of patients experiencing primary, acute HIV infection decreases exhausted\/activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T memory stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Tartaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1482","article-title":"Upregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Trautmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-422550","article-title":"Profound metabolic, functional, and cytolytic differences characterize HIV-specific CD8 T cells in primary and chronic HIV infection","volume":"120","author":"Trautmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05105-1","article-title":"MYB orchestrates T cell exhaustion and response to checkpoint inhibition","volume":"609","author":"Tsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0108","article-title":"Decreased PD-1 expression on CD8 lymphocyte subsets and increase in CD8\u2009Tscm cells in children with HIV receiving raltegravir","volume":"33","author":"Tuluc","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.021","article-title":"T cell factor 1-expressing memory-like CD8(+) T cells sustain the immune response to chronic viral infections","volume":"45","author":"Utzschneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040340","article-title":"HCV-specific T cells in HCV\/HIV co-infection show elevated frequencies of dual Tim-3\/PD-1 expression that correlate with liver disease progression","volume":"40","author":"Vali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156049","article-title":"Slow progression of pediatric HIV associates with early CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression and a stem-like phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00789-15","article-title":"Prolonged antiretroviral therapy preserves HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells with stem cell-like properties","volume":"89","author":"Vigano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/328345a0","article-title":"HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals","volume":"328","author":"Walker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801379","article-title":"Canonical wnts mediate CD8+ T cell noncytolytic anti-HIV-1 activity and correlate with HIV-1 clinical status","volume":"205","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00105","article-title":"CD4 T cell responses in latent and chronic viral infections","volume":"4","author":"Walton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.020","article-title":"Systemic immune dysregulation in severe tuberculosis patients revealed by a single-cell transcriptome atlas","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. infection"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1826361","article-title":"An atlas of immune cell exhaustion in HIV-infected individuals revealed by single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes infections"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230707","article-title":"CD8+ lymphocytes are critical for early control of tuberculosis in macaques","volume":"220","author":"Winchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B101","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2023\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B102","unstructured":"Tuberculosis\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-17-0016","article-title":"The antitumor effects of vaccine-activated CD8+ T cells associate with weak TCR signaling and induction of stem-like memory T cells","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6625855","article-title":"The role of \u03b2-catenin in th1 immune response against tuberculosis and profiles of expression in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"2021","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00868-7","article-title":"BACH2 enforces the transcriptional and epigenetic programs of stem-like CD8+ T cells","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01219-w","article-title":"'Stem-like' precursors are the fount to sustain persistent CD8+ T cell responses","volume":"23","author":"Zehn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0791","article-title":"Most antiviral CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection do not express high levels of perforin and are not directly cytotoxic","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01012","article-title":"CD40 accelerates the antigen-specific stem-like memory CD8+ T cells formation and human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive tumor eradication","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00461-z","article-title":"Tissue resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01685-w","article-title":"FOXP1 and KLF2 reciprocally regulate checkpoints of stem-like to effector transition in CAR T cells","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1485825\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1733807422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1485825\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1485825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1485825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"article-number":"1485825"}}