{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:46Z","timestamp":1787026306284,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have led to changes in the epidemiology of other respiratory pathogens. This study was conducted to explore the epidemiological characteristics of 13 respiratory pathogens, including 11 respiratory viruses and 2 non-classical microorganisms, in hospitalised patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and to compare the prevalence of respiratory pathogens during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-centre retrospective study involving 8979 patients with ARTIs in Shijiazhuang City from December 2019 to December 2023. The GeXP analysis platform and multiple reverse transcription\u2013PCR (mRT\u2013PCR) technology were used to simultaneously detect 13 respiratory pathogens. The ARIMA model was constructed to predict the pathogen detection rate in each quarter of Shijiazhuang City in the next 2 y.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 8979 patients, 4169 (46.43%) tested positive for respiratory pathogens. The total pathogen detection rate rebounded in the year after the COVID-19 pandemic. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive rates in men were slightly higher than those in women and the positive rates in spring and winter were significantly higher than those in summer. The dominant pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic were Influenza A viru (InfA; 24.08%) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV; 21.77%), and after the COVID-19 pandemic were InfA (27.92%) and H3 (21.17%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, InfA and HRV frequently occurred in all age groups. After the COVID-19 pandemic, InfA and Seasonal Influenza virus H3N2 (H3) frequently occurred in all age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A series of NPIs introduced by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on acute upper respiratory pathogenic infections. After the withdrawal of the NPIs, the spectrum of respiratory pathogens changed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1486953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T10:07:20Z","timestamp":1732788440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of respiratory pathogens among hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infection during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Shijiazhuang, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pan-pan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-nan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-juan","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-chan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan-chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13233","article-title":"Time trend of respiratory viruses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in severe acute respiratory virus infection in the Sultanate of Oman between 2017 and 2022","volume":"17","author":"Al","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses detected from children with respiratory tract infections in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Albogami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01388-1","article-title":"Non-influenza respiratory viruses in adult patients admitted with influenza-like illness: a 3-year prospective multicenter study","volume":"48","author":"Benezit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07796-3","article-title":"A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of rapid on-site influenza and respiratory syncytial virus PCR testing in paediatric and adult populations","volume":"22","author":"Bibby","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025498","article-title":"Characteristics and forecasting of respiratory viral epidemics among children in west China","volume":"100","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1458","article-title":"Early impact of social distancing in response to coronavirus disease 2019 on hospitalizations for acute bronchiolitis in infants in Brazil","volume":"72","author":"Friedrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02614-23","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory viruses in children during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chengdu, China","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24477","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Giamberardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.11.018","article-title":"Multiplex PCR system for the rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2022.105919","article-title":"Long-term spatial and population-structured planning of non-pharmaceutical interventions to epidemic outbreaks","volume":"146","author":"Kaleta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Oper Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030604","article-title":"Precautions against COVID-19 reduce respiratory virus infections among children in Southwest China","volume":"101","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30322-2","article-title":"National burden estimates of hospitalisations for acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2019 among 58 countries: a modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30264-5","article-title":"Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.008","article-title":"Characteristics of respiratory virus infection during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus in Beijing","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00833","article-title":"Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of viral respiratory infections in Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187592","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2187592","article-title":"Estimating the impact of influenza vaccination of low-risk 50-64-year-olds on acute and ICU hospital bed usage in an influenza season under endemic COVID-19 in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i4.18","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological profile of adult inpatients with community acquired pneumonia in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Ojuawo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16049","article-title":"Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic-United States, 2020-2021","volume":"21","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.11.037","article-title":"Characterizing pediatric emergency department visits during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Pines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310873","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2310873","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection and co-infection in children with severe acute respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic period","volume":"15","author":"Regina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13103","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infections in hospitalized children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Central China","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147041","article-title":"Aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children in Cyprus","volume":"11","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"109","article-title":"Changes in China's Prevention and control policies of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic","volume":"51","author":"Rongfeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fudan J. (Medical Edition)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.977614","article-title":"Dearth of influenza among older adults admitted with respiratory symptoms in Malaysia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2021","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05891-7","article-title":"The changing pattern of common respiratory viruses among children from 2018 to 2021 in Wuhan, China","volume":"168","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05834-0","article-title":"Broad range detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children to identify the cause of lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0493-7","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized from respiratory infections in Shenzhen, China","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00170-0","article-title":"Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections\u2013full version","author":"Woodhead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision\n          \n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02218-5","article-title":"Analysis of respiratory virus detection in hospitalised children with acute respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050713","article-title":"Systematic review of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevalence, genotype distribution, and seasonality in children from the middle east and north Africa (MENA) region","volume":"8","author":"Yassine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.801946","article-title":"Different circulation pattern of multiple respiratory viruses in southern China during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1486953\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T10:07:26Z","timestamp":1732788446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1486953\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1486953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1486953","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"article-number":"1486953"}}