{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:47:24Z","timestamp":1779914844473,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Xingnao Jiutan tablets (XNJT), a compound Chinese medicine, have been applied to the treatment of the sequelae of cerebral thrombosis or cerebral hemorrhage, transient cerebral ischemia, and central retinal vein obstruction, etc., but the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. This research focused on examining the impact of XNJT for cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion (MCAO\/R) injury, utilizing gut microbiota and metabolomic studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary components of XNJT were identified through the application of the HPLC technique. We established a MCAO\/ R model in mice and conducted behavioral evaluations, cerebral blood flow measurements, and TTC staining. We used ELISA, high-throughput 16S rDNA gene sequencing, and metabolomics techniques to detect inflammatory factors, microbial populations, and metabolites, respectively. Finally, we performed Spearman correlation analysis to investigate the relationships among gut microbiota and metabolites, comprehensively exploring the mechanisms of XNJT to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discovered that XNJT effectively enhanced neurological performance, alleviated cerebral infarction, diminished neuronal cell death, and increased cerebral blood flow. Moreover, XNJT downregulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF, IL-6, and IL-1b. Additionally, XNJT improved gut microbiota levels in MCAO\/R mice, particularly <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Firmicutes, Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, XNJT primarily modulated differential metabolites in the gut through Glycerophospholipid, Linoleic acid, and Sphingolipid metabolism pathways. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant associations among intestinal microbiota and various metabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, our findings suggest that XNJT can improve cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury outcomes, reduce inflammatory responses, and regulate gut microbiota and differential metabolites. It\u2019s possible that the potential mechanisms are connected to controlling gut microbiota and metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1497563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T06:40:44Z","timestamp":1740033644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Xingnao Jiutan tablets modulate gut microbiota and gut microbiota metabolism to alleviate cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijiao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengjie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.07.123","article-title":"Use of TTC staining for the evaluation of tissue injury in the early phases of reperfusion after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"1116","author":"Benedek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.122.036946","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, stroke, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and imaging modalities","volume":"53","author":"Candelario-Jalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.04.018","article-title":"Characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine usage in patients with stroke in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"186","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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