{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:40:40Z","timestamp":1790959240242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>, a common inhabitant of the feline gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a significant pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in domestic cats. The rise of multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> strains and their propensity to form biofilms pose significant challenges in treatment. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of hexagonal zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) alone and in combination with streptomycin and Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLe) against multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> isolates from feline UTIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay, and biofilm-associated genes (<jats:italic>sprE<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gel<\/jats:italic>E, <jats:italic>fsr<\/jats:italic>ABC) were detected by PCR. ZnONPs, Str\/ZnONPs (streptomycin-loaded ZnONPs), and Str\/MOLe@ZnONPs (streptomycin and MOLe-loaded ZnONPs) were characterized using FTIR, DLS, TEM, and SEM. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated through time-kill assays, well diffusion assays, and gene expression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high prevalence of multidrug resistance was observed among the <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> isolates, with significant resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and streptomycin. Characterization studies revealed the successful encapsulation of streptomycin and MOLe within the ZnONPs.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> assays demonstrated that Str\/MOLe@ZnONPs exhibited potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against the tested <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> strains, significantly reducing bacterial growth and biofilm formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emergence of multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> strains necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study demonstrates the promising potential of ZnONPs, particularly those loaded with streptomycin and MOLe, in combating biofilm-forming <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>. The synergistic effects of the combined formulation may offer a novel approach to overcome antibiotic resistance and improve the treatment outcomes of <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> UTIs in domestic cats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1505469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T07:14:54Z","timestamp":1737702894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hexagonal zinc oxide nanoparticles: a novel approach to combat multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in feline urinary tract infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alaa H.","family":"Sewid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza S.","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif M.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah O.","family":"Al-Otibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Taha Yassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.38","article-title":"The ameliorative role of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus induced acute lung injury: Targeting TLR\/NF-$\u03ba$B signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Abd El-Emam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet. 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