{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:39:11Z","timestamp":1779143951622,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important mosquito borne infectious disease which is mainly transmitted by <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> Giles (1901) in China. At present, vector control remains an important means to prevent and control vector-borne diseases including JE. The development of insecticide resistance has seriously threatened the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control programmes. Therefore, understanding insecticide resistance in the target pest is essential to inform evidence-based vector control. In Mianyang City of Sichuan Province of China, <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> is the dominant mosquito species, and JE has been documented in this city. Unfortunately, there is little information on the status and underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>, the main JE vector in this region. In the study, a total of 314 adults of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>, collected from 6 sites across Mianyang City, were inspected for resistance-conferring mutations in three genes encoding voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor Rdl subunit (Rdl), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by DNA Sanger sequencing. The results showed that the classical L1014F mutation in VGSC was distributed in all the 6 populations at varying frequencies from 16.98% to 27.78%, and the frequency of F455W mutation in AChE was extremely high (97.06%-100%). Notably, the conserved mutations A296S and V327I previously reported in the Rdl of some other species of mosquitoes were discovered in <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> for the first time. The frequency of the resistant Rdl 296S allele was 62.04% to 94.00%, while the V327I mutation was present at a much lower frequency ranging from 0.93% to 1.8%. Overall, the prevalent co-existence of resistance-conferring mutations in multiple insecticide target proteins in <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> populations in Mianyang City indicates a worrying status of insecticide resistance, and suggests that it is highly required to monitor the phenotypic resistance of <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> on a regular basis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1496849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:11:00Z","timestamp":1738825860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distribution and frequency of genetic mutations in three insecticide targets in field populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengzheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianying","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04002-8","article-title":"Investigating molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"20","author":"Bandibabone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. 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