{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:36:38Z","timestamp":1781066198553,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the susceptibility of various <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> fungi to five topical antifungal agents: natamycin, voriconazole, chlorhexidine, natamycin combined with chlorhexidine, and voriconazole combined with chlorhexidine. And to explore the clinical feasibility of combination therapy in the treatment of corneal infections caused by <jats:italic>F. solani<\/jats:italic>, with the goal of optimizing the treatment regimen for fungal keratitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 194 strains of <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> were isolated from the corneas between 2013 and 2024 and identified to the species level using mass spectrometry. The MICs was determined using a commercial microdilution plate to assess the in vitro activity of the drugs used alone and in combination (natamycin\/chlorhexidine, voriconazole\/chlorhexidine). Additionally, the clinical efficacy was prospectively observed in 5 patients with corneal infections caused by <jats:italic>F. solani<\/jats:italic>. The treatment regimens included 5% natamycin combined with 0.04% chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine used alone, or natamycin used alone, with follow-up lasting up to 90 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>F. solani<\/jats:italic> species complex (FSSC, 46.91%) and the <jats:italic>F. fujikuroi<\/jats:italic> species complex (FFSC, 45.88%) were the predominant isolates, with a geographical distribution concentrated in Northern China. The MICs for natamycin in FSSC and FFSC were both 2\u20138 \u03bcg \/mL, respectively. The MICs for FSSC and FFSC respectively ranged from 0.25\u201316 and 1\u20138 \u03bcg\/mL for voriconazole and 2 to &amp;gt; 16 \u03bcg\/mL and 1 to &amp;gt; 16 \u03bcg\/mL for chlorhexidine. The MICs of natamycin were not significantly different between FSSC and FFSC. However, voriconazole, chlorhexidine, natamycin combined with chlorhexidine, and voriconazole combined with chlorhexidine had significantly higher MICs for FSSC compared with FFSC. Compared with voriconazole, voriconazole combined with chlorhexidine exhibited enhancement of antifungal activity against 100% of tested <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> strains. Compared with natamycin, enhancement of antifungal activity of natamycin combined with chlorhexidine was 81.4% for all <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> spp., and the activity were significantly lower for <jats:italic>F. solani<\/jats:italic> (65.9%) than for non-<jats:italic>F. solani<\/jats:italic> species (93.6%). Among the 5 patients, 3 patients received treatment with natamycin combined with chlorhexidine, resulting in clinical cure in 2 patients (in 1-1.5 months), while 1 patient required a corneal transplant due to delayed treatment. One patient treated with natamycin alone and one treated with chlorhexidine alone both achieved clinical cure (in 2-3 months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natamycin combined with chlorhexidine and voriconazole combined with chlorhexidine exhibited enhancement of antifungal activity against <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> spp. during in vitro sensitivity tests. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for establishing the epidemiological cutoff and clinical MIC values for <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> spp. This study paves the way for future multicenter studies on the treatment of FK with natamycin and chlorhexidine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1532289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:21:28Z","timestamp":1744694488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antifungal susceptibility and clinical efficacy of chlorhexidine combined with topical ophthalmic medications against Fusarium species isolated from corneal samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizhan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050798","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance or cross-resistance, that is the question","volume":"12","author":"Abbood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003559","article-title":"Overview of mycotic keratitis","volume":"43","author":"Arboleda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000698","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as a treatment for recalcitrant fungal keratitis in Uganda: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Arunga","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.012","article-title":"Update on the management of infectious keratitis","volume":"124","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040787","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal keratitis in a tertiary care hospital from Romania","volume":"12","author":"Balasoiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00203","article-title":"Etiopathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal keratitis","volume":"10","author":"Bisen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Infect. 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