{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1791946659526,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> serves as a probiotic potentially capable of preventing dental caries both in vitro<\/jats:italic> and in vivo<\/jats:italic>. This study focused on understanding the key antibiofilm agents and the mechanisms of action of the Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic> supernatant against Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilm was constructed and the cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> was added. After the biofilm was collected, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were then performed to get gene information. The influence of temperature, pH and other factors on the supernatant were measured and non-targeted metabolome analysis was performed to analyze the effective components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The findings indicated that the supernatant derived from Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> could inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> mutans at different times. Through transcriptome analysis, we discovered that the cell-free supernatant reduced biofilm formation, by suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems along with two ATP-binding cassette transporters, rather than directly affecting the genes that code for glucosyltransferases; additionally, the supernatant was observed to diminish the expression of genes linked to two-component systems, polyketides\/non-ribosomal peptides, acid stress response, quorum sensing, and exopolysaccharide formation. Non-targeted LC-MS\/MS analysis was employed to discover a variety of potential active compounds present in the cellular filtrate of Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> that hinder the growth of S. mutans, including phenyllactic acid, sorbitol, and honokiol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>In summary, our findings support the evaluation of Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> as a promising oral probiotic aimed at hindering the formation of biofilms by cariogenic pathogens and the development of dental caries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1535539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T07:06:27Z","timestamp":1741676787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploration of the primary antibiofilm substance and mechanism employed by Lactobacillus salivarius ATCC 11741 to inhibit biofilm of Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bairu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2840-x","article-title":"In vitro Cariostatic effects of cinnamon water extract on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm","volume":"20","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med. 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