{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:57:13Z","timestamp":1790456233896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary tract infection is one of the most prevalent forms of bacterial infection, and prompt and efficient identification of pathogenic bacteria plays a pivotal role in the management of urinary tract infections. In this study, we propose a novel approach utilizing aptamer-functionalized graphene quantum dots integrated with an artificial intelligence detection system (AG-AI detection system) for rapid and highly sensitive detection of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Firstly, graphene quantum dots were modified with the aptamer that can specifically recognize and bind to <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, the fluorescence intensity of graphene quantum dots was positively correlated with the concentration of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Finally, the fluorescence images were processed by artificial intelligence system to obtain the result of bacterial concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AG-AI detection system, with wide linearity (10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>-10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL) and a low detection limit (3.38\u00d710<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL), can effectively differentiate between <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and other urinary tract infection bacteria. And the result of detection system is in good agreement with MALDI-TOF MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detection system is an accurate and effective way to detect bacteria in urinary tract infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1555617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T04:10:50Z","timestamp":1744776650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Aptamer-functionalized graphene quantum dots combined with artificial intelligence detect bacteria for urinary tract infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinrong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061051","article-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence on microbial diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Alsulimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.553-557.1999","article-title":"Measurement of urinary lactoferrin as a marker of urinary tract infection","volume":"37","author":"Arao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. 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