{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:50:48Z","timestamp":1783605048675,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the influenza viruses have posed an increasingly severe threat to public health. It is essential to analyze the virulence and pathogenesis of influenza viruses to prevent and control them, as well as create antiviral drugs. Previous studies have revealed that influenza virus segment 3 codes for not only the PA protein but also a novel protein, PA-X. PA protein is one subunit of the polymerase of influenza viruses and plays a critical role in its life cycle. PA presented endonuclease activity, the transcription and replication of the viral genome, viral virulence, protein degradation, and host immune response by interacting with viral proteins, including PB2, PB1, and host factors, including ANP32A, CHD6, HAX1, hCLE, HDAC6, MCM complex. PA mutations were involved in the viral replication, pathogenicity, and transmission of influenza viruses in poultry, mammals, and humans. PA-X is an open reading frame generated by +1 ribosomal code shift at the N-terminal amino acids of segment 3 and possesses the shutoff activity of host gene expression, regulating the host immune response, viral virulence and transmission. Therefore, PA is one ideal target for the development of antiviral drugs against influenza viruses. Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) and Favipiravir are two very effective anti-influenza virus drugs targeting the PA endonuclease domain of influenza A viruses. In this review, we summarized the structures, viral replication, virulent determinants and transmission, host factors, innate immunity, and antiviral drugs involved in PA and PA-X. The information is of great value for underlying the mechanism of viral replication and developing novel effective strategies to prevent and control influenza infection and the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1560250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T07:10:15Z","timestamp":1741936215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PA and PA-X: two key proteins from segment 3 of the influenza viruses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huapeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104807","article-title":"Characterization of contemporary influenza B recombinant viruses harboring mutations of reduced susceptibility to baloxavir marboxil, in vitro and in mice","volume":"179","author":"Abed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01681-09","article-title":"Prophylactic activity of intramuscular peramivir in mice infected with a recombinant influenza A\/WSN\/33 (H1N1) virus containing the H274Y neuraminidase mutation","volume":"54","author":"Abed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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