{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:42:44Z","timestamp":1791549764942,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies among men, with its incidence steadily increasing worldwide. Recent advances in microbiome research have opened new avenues for understanding and treating PCa; however, studies focusing specifically on the prostate tissue microbiome remain limited. Evidence suggests that the microbial communities within PCa tissues exhibit significant diversity and regional variability, with certain bacteria potentially contributing to PCa initiation and progression through chronic inflammation. The prostate microbiome comprises not only bacteria but also viruses, fungi, and parasites, and its diversity is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Methodological limitations and sample contamination further complicate the interpretation of microbiome data. The urinary microbiome is similarly diverse and shaped by multiple overlapping influences. Although urine, prostatic fluid, and prostate tissue are anatomically and functionally connected, whether urine and prostatic fluid can accurately reflect the prostate tissue microbiome remains to be conclusively determined. Among the microorganisms detected, <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic> is frequently identified in prostate tissue, urine, and prostatic fluid from PCa patients. This bacterium is known to elicit inflammatory responses through various pathways, potentially impacting tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Nevertheless, findings across studies remain inconsistent. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which the microbiome influences PCa. Such efforts may offer novel insights and strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T05:25:23Z","timestamp":1747805123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prostate and urinary microbiomes in prostate cancer development: focus on Cutibacterium acnes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fangzhi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jubo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2023.06.012","article-title":"MR imaging-guided prostate cancer therapies","volume":"62","author":"Adamo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiologic Clinics North America"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2024.02.007","article-title":"Prostate cancer theranostics with 177Lu-PSMA","volume":"54","author":"Ahmadzadehfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Nuclear Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20220124","article-title":"Urinary microbiome profile in men with genitourinary Malignancies","volume":"63","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03524-w","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in men with prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia from Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Akinpelu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.181243","article-title":"Molecular detection of pathogens causing sexually transmissible infections in patients with prostate cancer and hyperplasia by quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR assay","volume":"65","author":"Ala-Almohadesin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23713","article-title":"A prospective study to examine the association of the urinary and fecal microbiota with prostate cancer diagnosis after transrectal biopsy of the prostate using 16sRNA gene analysis","volume":"79","author":"Alanee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0054-2","article-title":"Association between the presence of bacterial 16S RNA in prostate specimens taken during transurethral resection of prostate and subsequent risk of prostate cancer (Sweden)","volume":"17","author":"Alexeyev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control: CCC"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01543-07","article-title":"Direct visualization of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue by multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization assay","volume":"45","author":"Alexeyev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01614-6","article-title":"Prostate cancer, pathophysiology and recent developments in management: A narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Almeeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0603-3","article-title":"A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome","volume":"39","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24723","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes invades prostate epithelial cells to induce BRCAness as a possible pathogen of prostate cancer","volume":"84","author":"Ashida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06273.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Propionibacterium acnes types isolated from the male urinary tract: Evaluation of adolescents, normal adults and men with prostatic pathology","volume":"98","author":"Ba","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07214.x","article-title":"The antibody response to Propionibacterium acnes is an independent predictor of serum prostate-specific antigen levels in biopsy-negative men","volume":"101","author":"Ba","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090324","article-title":"Intracellular Propionibacterium acnes infection in glandular epithelium and stromal macrophages of the prostate with or without cancer","volume":"9","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz008","article-title":"Microbiome signatures in prostate cancer","volume":"40","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082784","article-title":"The efficacy of flogofilm\u00ae in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy: A randomized prospective trial","volume":"12","author":"Barone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.03.029","article-title":"The microbiome of the prostate tumor microenvironment","volume":"72","author":"Cavarretta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.805459","article-title":"Prostate microbiota and prostate cancer: A new trend in treatment","volume":"11","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24763","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of the prostate microbiome in Malignant and benign tissue using transperineal biopsy","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128955","article-title":"Identification of pathogen signatures in prostate cancer using RNA-seq","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000158161.15277.78","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes associated with inflammation in radical prostatectomy specimens: A possible link to cancer evolution","volume":"173","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00216-3","article-title":"Bone metastases","volume":"6","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.03.027","article-title":"EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer-2024 update. Part I: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent","volume":"86","author":"Cornford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.02.019","article-title":"Self-reported acne is not associated with prostate cancer","volume":"32","author":"Cremers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urologic Oncol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163573","article-title":"Novel key ingredients in urinary tract health-the role of D-mannose, chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, and N-acetylcysteine in urinary tract infections (Uroial PLUS\u00ae)","volume":"15","author":"Crocetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2020-0185","article-title":"Granulomatous prostatitis: A challenging differential diagnosis to take into consideration","volume":"16","author":"Crocetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Oncol. (London England)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0074-9","article-title":"Frequency and typing of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue obtained from men with and without prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Davidsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149721","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01497-21","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes Induces the Expression of Immunosuppressive Genes in Macrophages and is Associated with an Increase of Regulatory T-Cells in Prostate Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Davidsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiology spectrum"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102411","article-title":"Unravelling the eco-specificity and pathophysiological properties of Cutibacterium species in the light of recent taxonomic changes","volume":"71","author":"Dekio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090","article-title":"Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"De Marzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091733","article-title":"Do bacteria provide an alternative to cancer treatment and what role does lactic acid bacteria play","volume":"10","author":"Dicks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.11.003","article-title":"Contamination in low microbial biomass microbiome studies: issues and recommendations","volume":"27","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00594-2","article-title":"Bacteria in cancer initiation, promotion and progression","volume":"23","author":"El Tekle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.08.014","article-title":"Prevalence of Propionibacterium acnes in diseased prostates and its inflammatory and transforming activity on prostate epithelial cells","volume":"301","author":"Fassi Fehri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiology: IJMM"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23897","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals a rich bacterial content in high-risk prostate tumors from African men","volume":"79","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5457-z","article-title":"Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of human prostate microbiota from patients with prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571334","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes Infection Induces Type I Interferon Synthesis Through the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5043","article-title":"Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine","volume":"357","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051423","article-title":"Microbiota of urine, glans and prostate biopsies in patients with prostate cancer reveals a dysbiosis in the genitourinary system","volume":"15","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.3.280","article-title":"The presence of chronic inflammation in positive prostate biopsy is associated with upgrading in radical prostatectomy","volume":"93","author":"Guner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archivio Italiano Di Urologia Andrologia: Organo Ufficiale [Di] Societa Italiana Di Ecografia Urologica E Nefrologica"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0377-7","article-title":"The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Helmink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162790","article-title":"Cancer and the microbiome of the human body","volume":"16","author":"Herrera-Quintana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67987-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction","volume":"163","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2022.03.006","article-title":"Microbiomes of urine and the prostate are linked to human prostate cancer risk groups","volume":"5","author":"Hurst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169984","article-title":"Frequency of propionibacterium acnes infection in prostate glands with negative biopsy results is an independent risk factor for prostate cancer in patients with increased serum PSA titers","volume":"12","author":"Kakegawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.01.015","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment mechanisms and bone metastatic disease progression of prostate cancer","volume":"530","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(98)00553-6","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacterial 16s rRNA genes in prostate biopsies from men without chronic prostatitis","volume":"53","author":"Keay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168943","article-title":"Different prostatic tissue microbiomes between high- and low-grade prostate cancer pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310423","article-title":"Biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer is associated with the composition of lactobacillus: microbiome analysis of prostatic tissue","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2022.10.001","article-title":"Possibilities and limitations of using low biomass samples for urologic disease and microbiome research","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67145-5","article-title":"Bacterial dna sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis","volume":"164","author":"Krieger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20240229","article-title":"Prostate cancer theragnostics biomarkers: An update","volume":"65","author":"Kumar Am","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021511","article-title":"Microbiome and prostate cancer: A novel target for prevention and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Kustrimovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-022-00427-1","article-title":"Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer","volume":"17","author":"Lawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1445375","article-title":"Influence of diabetes on microbiome in prostate tissues of patients with prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24500","article-title":"Prevalence of genotoxic bacteria in men undergoing biopsy for prostate cancer","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10218","article-title":"Negative bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings in prostate tissue from patients with symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and localized prostate cancer","volume":"55","author":"Leskinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.040","article-title":"Single-cell approaches in human microbiome research","volume":"185","author":"Llor\u00e9ns-Rico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01664","article-title":"The microbiome of prostate fluid is associated with prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092524","article-title":"Influence of intratumor microbiome on clinical outcome and immune processes in prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-640","article-title":"Comparative genomics reveals distinct host-interacting traits of three major human-associated propionibacteria","volume":"14","author":"Mak","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22621","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from radical prostatectomy specimens","volume":"73","author":"Mak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2022.1.62","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes in urine and semen samples from men with urinary infection","volume":"94","author":"Manente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archivio Italiano Di Urologia Andrologia: Organo Ufficiale [Di] Societa Italiana Di Ecografia Urologica E Nefrologica"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-326","article-title":"Identification of viral infections in the prostate and evaluation of their association with cancer","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Fierro","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21731","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics 2022","volume":"72","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J. Clinicians"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030212","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium infection and chronic inflammation in human prostate cancer: detection using prostatectomy and needle biopsy specimens","volume":"8","author":"Miyake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00602-w","article-title":"Urinary microbiota and prostatic diseases: The key for the lock? A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Mjaess","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092539","article-title":"Insights into the human microbiome and its connections with prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Munteanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2023.11.003","article-title":"Microbiome profiling in bladder cancer patients using the first-morning urine sample","volume":"59","author":"Nardelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-019-0731-7","article-title":"Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: Current insights into the prevention and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Ohadian Moghadam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051434","article-title":"Chronic prostatic infection and inflammation by Propionibacterium acnes in a rat prostate infection model","volume":"7","author":"Olsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030483","article-title":"The association of prostate cancer and urinary tract infections: A new perspective of prostate cancer pathogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas Lithuania)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00795-2","article-title":"The potential role of the microbiota in prostate cancer pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Pernigoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.06.004","article-title":"The microbiome and cancer for clinicians","volume":"141","author":"Picardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncology\/Hematology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24756","article-title":"Influence of microbiome in intraprostatic inflammation and prostate cancer","volume":"84","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1134","article-title":"The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression","volume":"8","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S284066","article-title":"Infiltrating Treg and Th17 cells of the prostate hypertrophy gland associated with propionibacterium acnes infection","volume":"12","author":"Radej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Urol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1646-1652.1998","article-title":"Diverse and related 16S rRNA-encoding DNA sequences in prostate tissues of men with chronic prostatitis","volume":"36","author":"Riley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.09.007","article-title":"Microbiota and prostate cancer","volume":"86","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24675","article-title":"Prostate and gut: Any relationship? A narrative review on the available evidence and putative mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Romano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12035","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes activates caspase-1 in human neutrophils","volume":"121","author":"Sahdo","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS: Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01011-3","article-title":"Microbiota of the prostate tumor environment investigated by whole-transcriptome profiling","volume":"14","author":"Salachan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000080263.46164.97","article-title":"High prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma","volume":"170","author":"Samanta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.894777","article-title":"Differential microbial signature associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605757","article-title":"Plasma concentration of Propionibacterium acnes antibodies and prostate cancer risk: Results from an Australian population-based case\u2013control study","volume":"103","author":"Severi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20820","article-title":"An evaluation of PCR primer sets used for detection of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue samples","volume":"68","author":"Sfanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20680","article-title":"A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms","volume":"68","author":"Sfanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.167","article-title":"The inflammatory microenvironment and microbiome in prostate cancer development","volume":"15","author":"Sfanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22648","article-title":"A mouse model of chronic prostatic inflammation using a human prostate cancer-derived isolate of Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"73","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.08.001","article-title":"Profiling the urinary microbiome in men with positive versus negative biopsies for prostate cancer","volume":"199","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106883","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis impacts the immune system and promotes prostate cancer","volume":"268","author":"Shyanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-244","article-title":"Assessing diversity of the female urine microbiota by high throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons","volume":"11","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.004","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer","volume":"33","author":"Tilg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.04.010","article-title":"EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II-2024 update: treatment of relapsing and metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"86","author":"Tilki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112676","article-title":"Exploring the Association between Gut and Urine Microbiota and Prostatic Disease including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer Using 16S rRNA Sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-018-0204-7","article-title":"The influence of prostatic Cutibacterium acnes infection on serum levels of IL6 and CXCL8 in prostate cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Ugge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31192","article-title":"Acne in late adolescence and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"142","author":"Ugge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154944","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing: Insights to advance clinical investigations of the microbiome","volume":"132","author":"Wensel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00766-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer development and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0112-7","article-title":"Characterisation of microbial communities within aggressive prostate cancer tissues","volume":"12","author":"Yow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.50970","article-title":"Urinary microbiota in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Science : AMS"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10157","article-title":"Detection of human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses in prostatic tissue reveals the prostate as a habitat for multiple viral infections","volume":"53","author":"Zambrano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.610647","article-title":"Integrin alpha V in urine: A novel noninvasive marker for prostate cancer detection","volume":"10","author":"Zemskova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1196217","article-title":"Potential role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer: Immunity, metabolites, pathways of action","volume":"13","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aak9537","article-title":"Two-step enhanced cancer immunotherapy with engineered Salmonella typhimurium secreting heterologous flagellin","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Trans. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086939","article-title":"Human male genital tract microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Zuber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562729\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T05:25:24Z","timestamp":1747805124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562729\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"article-number":"1562729"}}