{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:22:54Z","timestamp":1790302974348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHA 2406\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHA 2406\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections of livestock represent a major health issue for the animals and cause high economic losses for the farmers. Still, little is known about the intricate interactions between host cells and the many different pathogens that cause respiratory diseases, leaving a substantial knowledge gap to be filled in order to develop effective therapies. Immortalized cell lines and two-dimensional cultures of primary respiratory epithelial cells do not reflect the complex architecture and functionality of the respiratory tract tissues. Thus, it is essential to develop and apply appropriate primary cell culture systems to study respiratory diseases. In human research, the use of complex cell culture systems, such as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures, organoids and lung-on-chip, has proceeded significantly during the last years, whereas in veterinary research, these models are only rarely used. Nevertheless, there are several three-dimensional, primary cell culture systems available to study respiratory infections of livestock. Here, we give an overview on models that are currently used in this field: nasal mucosa explants, tracheal organ cultures, ALI cultures, and precision-cut lung slices. All these models align with the 3R principle, as they can replace animal experiments to some extent and the tissue material for these culture systems can be obtained from abattoirs or veterinary research facilities. We aim to encourage other researchers to use these versatile cell culture systems to drive investigations of respiratory tract infections of livestock forward. Finally, these models are not limited to infection research, but can also be applied in other research fields and can be transferred to other animal species than livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T04:03:01Z","timestamp":1747022581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Primary cell culture systems to investigate host-pathogen interactions in bacterial respiratory tract infections of livestock"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yenehiwot Berhanu","family":"Weldearegay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Brogaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Rautenschlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Meens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Valentin-Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Schaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8949","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00463-10","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of well-differentiated avian respiratory epithelial cells to infection by different strains of infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"84","author":"Abd El Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.2.563-568.1996","article-title":"Pathogenicity and cytadherence of Mycoplasma imitans in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures","volume":"64","author":"Abdul-Wahab","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-26","article-title":"Growth and differentiation of primary and passaged equine bronchial epithelial cells under conventional and air-liquid-interface culture conditions","volume":"7","author":"Abraham","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225025","article-title":"Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface","volume":"14","author":"Abs","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L815","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00355.2022","article-title":"Preterm ovine respiratory epithelial cell responses to mechanical ventilation, lipopolysaccharide, and interleukin-13","volume":"324","author":"Abugisisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-016-0046-3","article-title":"Differentiation of respiratory epithelium in a 3-dimensional co-culture with fibroblasts embedded in fibrin gel","volume":"11","author":"Albers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050420t","article-title":"Differential protein profiling of primary versus immortalized human RPE cells identifies expression patterns associated with cytoskeletal remodeling and cell survival","volume":"5","author":"Alge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0276TR","article-title":"Applications and approaches for three-dimensional precision-cut lung slices. Disease modeling and drug discovery","volume":"62","author":"Alsafadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2014.09.004","article-title":"Impact of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on the migration of monocytic cells through equine nasal mucosa","volume":"37","author":"Baghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Immunology Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0290MA","article-title":"Cryopreserved human precision-cut lung slices as a bioassay for live tissue banking. A viability study of bronchodilation with bitter-taste receptor agonists","volume":"54","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0232MA","article-title":"Embedding of precision-cut lung slices in engineered hydrogel biomaterials supports extended ex vivo culture","volume":"62","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3390\/v8070207","article-title":"Local innate responses to TLR ligands in the chicken trachea","volume":"8","author":"Barjesteh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses-Basel"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00371.x","article-title":"Differentiated swine airway epithelial cell cultures for the investigation of influenza A virus infection and replication","volume":"7","author":"Bateman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0733-0","article-title":"Precision cut lung slices: a novel versatile tool to examine host-pathogen interaction in the chicken lung","volume":"51","author":"Bryson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4130","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms induce apoptosis and expression of interferon-\u03b3, interleukin-10, and interleukin-17A on human sinonasal explants","volume":"29","author":"Cantero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinology Allergy"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21213","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilm activates the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (Nod2) pathway and proinflammatory factors on a human sinonasal explant model","volume":"3","author":"Cantero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21146","article-title":"A human nasal explant model to study Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Cantero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-020-00517-7","article-title":"Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives","volume":"57","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/55.5.1120","article-title":"Tracheal organ cultures for the bioassay of nanogram quantities of mycotoxins","volume":"55","author":"Cardeilhac","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Assoc Off Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0609","article-title":"Oxygen tension regulates survival and fate of mouse central nervous system precursors at multiple levels","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1128\/am.19.4.658-662.1970","article-title":"Large-quantity production of chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures and use in virus and mycoplasma studies","volume":"19","author":"Cherry","year":"1970","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.11.011","article-title":"Pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis virus is associated with elevated apoptosis and innate immune responses","volume":"488","author":"Chhabra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2307\/1588934","article-title":"The relative in vitro sensitivity to aflatoxin B1 of tracheal organ cultures prepared from day-old chickens, ducks, Japanese quail, and Turkeys","volume":"17","author":"Colwell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.2307\/1588596","article-title":"Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on tracheal organ cultures","volume":"13","author":"Colwell","year":"1969","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318005","article-title":"The use of chicken tracheal organ cultures for the isolation and assay of avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"50","author":"Cook","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Virol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19079-y","article-title":"Development and optimization of a differentiated airway epithelial cell model of the bovine respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Cozens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33180-w","article-title":"Temporal differentiation of bovine airway epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface","volume":"8","author":"Cozens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259231181029","article-title":"Single cell RNA-sequencing of human precision-cut lung slices: A novel approach to study the effect of vaping and viral infection on lung health","volume":"29","author":"Crue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.14.1.8534482","article-title":"Regulation of mucociliary differentiation of rat tracheal epithelial cells by type I collagen gel substratum","volume":"14","author":"Davenport","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.12.5312-5318.1994","article-title":"Ciliostasis and loss of cilia induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in porcine tracheal organ cultures","volume":"62","author":"DeBey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00916-19","article-title":"Dual and triple epithelial coculture model systems with donor-derived microbiota and THP-1 macrophages to mimic host-microbe interactions in the human sinonasal cavities","volume":"5","author":"De Rudder","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.751485","article-title":"The required sample size in vaccination-challenge experiments with infectious bronchitis virus, a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"de Wit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250356","article-title":"The breathtaking world of human respiratory in vitro models: Investigating lung diseases and infections in 3D models, organoids, and lung-on-chip","volume":"54","author":"Dichtl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010016","article-title":"Developmental change of yolk microbiota and its role on early colonization of intestinal microbiota in chicken embryo","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0500-z","article-title":"Respiratory explants as a model to investigate early events of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia infection","volume":"49","author":"Di Teodoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.3.287","article-title":"Antiviral activity of adenine arabinoside and iododeoxyuridine in human fetal intestinal and tracheal organ cultures","volume":"132","author":"Dolin","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0900-2_8","article-title":"The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures and their application for ciliostasis test, growth kinetics studies, and virus propagation","volume":"2203","author":"Dowgier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"33","article-title":"Measurement of ciliary beat frequency using high-speed video microscopy","volume":"24","author":"Dresdner","year":"1985","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020366","article-title":"Streptococcus suis induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in porcine lung tissue","volume":"9","author":"Dresen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197708000-00010","article-title":"The effect of mucolytic agents and topical decongestants on the ciliary activity of chicken tracheal organ cultures","volume":"11","author":"Dudley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0453OC","article-title":"Do airway epithelium air-liquid cultures represent the in vivo airway epithelium transcriptome","volume":"44","author":"Dvorak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103302","article-title":"Contact with adult hens affects the composition of skin and respiratory tract microbiota in newly hatched chicks","volume":"103","author":"Faldynova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147773","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of mono- and co-culture models of the respiratory tract exposed to crystalline quartz under submerged and air-liquid interface conditions","volume":"23","author":"Friesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-73","article-title":"Replication characteristics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) European subtype 1 (Lelystad) and subtype 3 (Lena) strains in nasal mucosa and cells of the monocytic lineage: Indications for the use of new receptors of PRRSV (Lena)","volume":"44","author":"Frydas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01423-22","article-title":"The Activation of the RIG-I\/MDA5 Signaling Pathway upon Influenza D Virus Infection Impairs the Pulmonary Proinflammatory Response Triggered by Mycoplasma bovis Superinfection","volume":"97","author":"Gaudino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43284-7","article-title":"Validation of airway porcine epithelial cells as an alternative to human in vitro preclinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Genna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"11","article-title":"Comparative study of tracheal organ cultures obtained from different bird donors","volume":"19","author":"Gerganov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Med. Nauki"},{"key":"B48","first-page":"18","article-title":"Cultivation of various avian viruses in pheasant trachea organ cultures and chick embryos","volume":"19","author":"Gerganov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Med. Nauki"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070824","article-title":"Predictive value of precision-cut lung slices for the susceptibility of three animal species for SARS-CoV-2 and validation in a refined hamster model","volume":"10","author":"Gerhards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.1.189-197.1995","article-title":"Construction and properties of pseudorabies virus recombinants with altered control of immediate-early gene expression","volume":"69","author":"Glazenburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the antiviral activity of (1\u2019S,2\u2019R)-9-[[1\u2019,2\u2019-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1\u2019-yl]methyl]guanine (A-5021) against equine herpesvirus type 1 in cell monolayers and equine nasal mucosal explants","volume":"93","author":"Glorieux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.01.018","article-title":"In vitro culture of porcine respiratory nasal mucosa explants for studying the interaction of porcine viruses with the respiratory tract","volume":"142","author":"Glorieux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virological Methods"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291146","article-title":"Evaluation of a human mucosal tissue explant model for SARS-CoV-2 replication","volume":"18","author":"Gordhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01271-08","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of differentiated epithelial cells to respiratory viruses reveals different viral strategies of host infection","volume":"83","author":"Goris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.14.1.8534481","article-title":"Mucociliary differentiation of serially passaged normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.204660","article-title":"Susceptibility of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures from domestic and wild animals to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"27","author":"Gultom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2023.106765","article-title":"A new duplex qPCR-based method to quantify Mycoplasma mycoides in complex cell culture systems and host tissues","volume":"211","author":"Hanske","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh030","article-title":"DNA adduct formation in precision-cut rat liver and lung slices exposed to benzo[a]pyrene","volume":"77","author":"Harrigan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1021\/mp5000295","article-title":"Immunocompetent 3D model of human upper airway for disease modeling and in vitro drug evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Harrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1086974","article-title":"Avian metapneumovirus infection of chicken and Turkey tracheal organ cultures: comparison of virus-host interactions","volume":"44","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230390183689","article-title":"Correlation between in vivo and in vitro pulmonary responses to jet propulsion fuel-8 using precision-cut lung slices and a dynamic organ culture system","volume":"31","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.04.003","article-title":"Ex vivo testing of immune responses in precision-cut lung slices","volume":"231","author":"Henjakovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_5","article-title":"The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures for virus isolation, propagation, and titration","volume":"1282","author":"Hennion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00339.2018","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a precision-cut rat lung slice model for the evaluation of antifibrotic drugs","volume":"316","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2353-2355.1996","article-title":"Comparison of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Interaction with Respiratory Mucosa Organ Cultures Maintained with an Air Interface or Immersed in Medium","volume":"64","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.12.004","article-title":"Development of rhinovirus study model using organ culture of turbinate mucosa","volume":"125","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virological Methods"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9891673","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharide is a main component of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in the pathogen-induced toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in sheep airway epithelial cells","volume":"2017","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-181-9_9","article-title":"The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures for virus isolation, propagation, and titration","volume":"454","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02639383","article-title":"Rat tracheal epithelial cell differentiation in vitro","volume":"29","author":"Kaartinen","year":"1993","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-185-X:115","article-title":"An in vitro model of differentiated human airway epithelia. Methods for establishing primary cultures","volume":"188","author":"Karp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000221","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00221-2020","article-title":"An integrated multiomic and quantitative label-free microscopy-based approach to study pro-fibrotic signalling in ex vivo human precision-cut lung slices","volume":"58","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.496119","article-title":"Primary in vitro culture of porcine tracheal epithelial cells in an air-liquid interface as a model to study airway epithelium and Aspergillus fumigatus interactions","volume":"48","author":"Khoufache","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-20","article-title":"Three viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex apply different strategies to initiate infection","volume":"45","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.09.017","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 promotes the extension of Tracheal Epithelium in an in Vitro Tracheal organ culture model","volume":"48","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1607191","article-title":"Co-culture of human alveolar epithelial (hAELVi) and macrophage (THP-1) cell lines","volume":"35","author":"Kletting","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1660305","article-title":"In vitro characterization and genetic diversity of Bordetella avium field strains","volume":"49","author":"Knab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2307\/1589311","article-title":"Structural changes associated with type-A influenza in Mallard duck tracheal organ culture","volume":"22","author":"Kocan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.01.012","article-title":"CD40 ligand supports the long-term maintenance and differentiation of chicken B cells in culture","volume":"32","author":"Kothlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.12.017","article-title":"The characterization of the human cell line Calu-3 under different culture conditions and its use as an optimized in vitro model to investigate bronchial epithelial function","volume":"69","author":"Kreft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1162889","article-title":"Perspectives on precision cut lung slices-powerful tools for investigation of mechanisms and therapeutic targets in lung diseases","volume":"14","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.08.025","article-title":"A differentiated porcine bronchial epithelial cell culture model for studying human adenovirus tropism and virulence","volume":"178","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol Methods"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097610","article-title":"Comparison of airway responses in sheep of different age in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS)","volume":"9","author":"Lambermont","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36863-1","article-title":"Development of a novel air-liquid interface airway tissue equivalent model for in vitro respiratory modeling studies","volume":"13","author":"Leach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01361.x","article-title":"Induction of squamous differentiation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells by small amounts of serum","volume":"25","author":"Lechner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18696.2","article-title":"A co-culture model of the bovine alveolus","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.07.058","article-title":"The effects of the physical properties of culture substrates on the growth and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540500177009","article-title":"Air-liquid interface culture of serially passaged human nasal epithelial cell monolayer for in vitro drug transport studies","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.07.010","article-title":"Tracheal organ cultures as a useful tool to study Felid herpesvirus 1 infection in respiratory epithelium","volume":"138","author":"Leeming","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol Methods"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0842-0","article-title":"Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces sheep airway epithelial cell apoptosis through an ERK signalling-mediated mitochondria pathway","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-024-01717-0","article-title":"Porcine lung tissue slices: a culture model for PRCV infection and innate immune response investigations","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20803","article-title":"Air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of human bronchial epithelial cell monolayers as an in vitro model for airway drug transport studies","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1325024","article-title":"Chicken gammadelta T cells proliferate upon IL-2 and IL-12 treatment and show a restricted receptor repertoire in cell culture","volume":"15","author":"Linti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1131-x","article-title":"Use of precision cut lung slices as a translational model for the study of lung biology","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126715","article-title":"Hypoxia pretreatment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells facilitates angiogenesis by improving the function of endothelial cells in diabetic rats with lower ischemia","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63922-8","article-title":"Choosing the right differentiation medium to develop mucociliary phenotype of primary nasal epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Luengen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/55465","article-title":"Precision-cut mouse lung slices to visualize live pulmonary dendritic cells","author":"Lyons-Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis Exp."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.01.004","article-title":"A species-specific activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in bovine and sheep bronchial epithelial cells triggered by Mycobacterial infections","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae007","article-title":"In vitro modelling of bacterial pneumonia: a comparative analysis of widely applied complex cell culture models","volume":"48","author":"Mahieu","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.07.012","article-title":"Ciliogenesis in cryopreserved mammalian tracheal epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface","volume":"59","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09122479","article-title":"Videomicroscopy of methacholine-induced contraction of individual airways in precision-cut lung slices","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L489","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00181.2012","article-title":"Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface resemble bronchial epithelium from human smokers","volume":"304","author":"Mathis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01136","article-title":"Replication of influenza D viruses of bovine and swine origin in ovine respiratory explants and their attachment to the respiratory tract of bovine, sheep, goat, horse, and swine","volume":"11","author":"Mazzetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03132-w","article-title":"Cold storage of human precision-cut lung slices in TiProtec preserves cellular composition and transcriptional responses and enables on-demand mechanistic studies","volume":"26","author":"Melo-Narvaez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00350-19","article-title":"Viral Coinfection Replaces Effects of Suilysin on Streptococcus suis Adherence to and Invasion of Respiratory Epithelial Cells Grown under Air-Liquid Interface Conditions","volume":"87","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00171-15","article-title":"Dynamic virus-bacterium interactions in a porcine precision-cut lung slice coinfection model: swine influenza virus paves the way for streptococcus suis infection in a two-step process","volume":"83","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26748","article-title":"Efficient suilysin-mediated invasion and apoptosis in porcine respiratory epithelial cells after streptococcal infection under air-liquid interface conditions","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-015-0704-6","article-title":"Functional and cytometric examination of different human lung epithelial cell types as drug transport barriers","volume":"39","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201600243","article-title":"Cigarette smoke alters the secretome of lung epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Mossina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040961","article-title":"Analysis of nipah virus replication and host proteome response patterns in differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface","volume":"15","author":"Muller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-017-0158-5","article-title":"Assessment of long-term cultivated human precision-cut lung slices as an ex vivo system for evaluation of chronic cytotoxicity and functionality","volume":"12","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1998.tb00798.x","article-title":"Field isolates of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae exhibit distinct cytopathic effects in ovine tracheal organ cultures","volume":"45","author":"Niang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2447-6","article-title":"RNA isolation from precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from different species","volume":"10","author":"Niehof","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.02.001","article-title":"Critical assessment of an in vitro bovine respiratory organ culture system: A model of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection","volume":"158","author":"Niesalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virological Methods"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181583","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of ovine airway epithelial cell differentiation at an air-liquid interface","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Boyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193998","article-title":"Optimisation of growth conditions for ovine airway epithelial cell differentiation at an air-liquid interface","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01249-8","article-title":"Differential infection behavior of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype I and II in the upper respiratory tract","volume":"54","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.6.690","article-title":"Evaluation of MUC5AC expression and upregulation in airway epithelial cells of horses","volume":"71","author":"Oslund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149509031773","article-title":"Inhibition of ciliated cell differentiation by fluid submersion","volume":"21","author":"Ostrowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50970","article-title":"Videomorphometric analysis of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of intra-pulmonary arteries using murine precision cut lung slices","author":"Paddenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis Exp."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M800258-MCP200","article-title":"Comparative proteomic phenotyping of cell lines and primary cells to assess preservation of cell type-specific functions","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21812","article-title":"The role of oxygen in regulating neural stem cells in development and disease","volume":"220","author":"Panchision","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac136","article-title":"Cryopreserved human precision-cut lung slices provide an immune competent pulmonary test system for \u201con-demand Use long-term cultures","volume":"191","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111211","article-title":"The cell tropism of porcine respiratory coronavirus for airway epithelial cells is determined by the expression of porcine aminopeptidase N","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1911148","article-title":"Time-dependent viral interference between influenza virus and coronavirus in the infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042260","article-title":"Replication and adaptive mutations of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in tracheal organ cultures of different avian species","volume":"7","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L25","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00256.2010","article-title":"The air-liquid interface and use of primary cell cultures are important to recapitulate the transcriptional profile of in vivo airway epithelia","volume":"300","author":"Pezzulo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008x(87)90336-x","article-title":"Adult peripheral lung organ culture\u2013a model for respiratory tract toxicology","volume":"90","author":"Placke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(91)90052-P","article-title":"Pseudorabies virus infections in explants of porcine nasal mucosa","volume":"50","author":"Pol","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Veterinary Sci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00273-23","article-title":"Inflammation plays a critical role in damage to the bronchiolar epithelium induced by Trueperella pyogenes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.824349","article-title":"A virulent trueperella pyogenes isolate, which causes severe bronchoconstriction in porcine precision-cut lung slices","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet Sci."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2010.12.008","article-title":"Immunological characterization of the equine airway epithelium and of a primary equine airway epithelial cell culture model","volume":"140","author":"Quintana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol. Immunopathol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00620.x","article-title":"Growth of differentiated ovine tracheal epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Radi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459608419172","article-title":"An in vitro comparison of the virulence of seven strains of infectious bronchitis virus using tracheal and oviduct organ cultures","volume":"25","author":"Raj","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9798206","article-title":"Th17 cytokines disrupt the airway mucosal barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"2016","author":"Ramezanpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L323","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00297.2019","article-title":"Tissue traction microscopy to quantify muscle contraction within precision-cut lung slices","volume":"318","author":"Ram-Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-42-5-353","article-title":"Experimental infection of human nasal mucosal explants with Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"42","author":"Read","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3082-3086.1999","article-title":"Coinfection with influenza B virus does not affect association of neisseria meningitidis with human nasopharyngeal mucosa in organ culture","volume":"67","author":"Read","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infection And Immun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092242","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals priming of the host antiviral interferon signaling pathway by bronchobini((R)) resulting in balanced immune response to rhinovirus infection in mouse lung tissue slices","volume":"20","author":"Reamon-Buettner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.04.021","article-title":"Cellular host transcriptional responses to influenza A virus in chicken tracheal organ cultures differ from responses in infected trachea","volume":"132","author":"Reemers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunol. Immunopathology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.696525","article-title":"Mycobacterial Infection of Precision-Cut Lung Slices Reveals Type 1 Interferon Pathway Is Locally Induced by Mycobacterium bovis but Not M. tuberculosis in a Cattle Breed","volume":"8","author":"Remot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0166MA","article-title":"Airway contractility in the precision-cut lung slice after cryopreservation","volume":"50","author":"Rosner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0466OC","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of mucociliary differentiation in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"37","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112407","article-title":"New Insights into the Host-Pathogen Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken","volume":"9","author":"Ruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52813-2","article-title":"The effects of oxygen concentration on cell death, anti-oxidant transcription, acute inflammation, and cell proliferation in precision-cut lung slices","volume":"9","author":"Ruigrok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B145","volume-title":"The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.","author":"Russell","year":"1959"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14597","article-title":"Modifiers of mesenchymal stem cell quantity and quality","volume":"58","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00409.2010","article-title":"Electric field stimulation of precision-cut lung slices","volume":"110","author":"Schleputz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-009-9258-6","article-title":"Equine bronchial epithelial cells differentiate into ciliated and mucus producing cells in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Schwab","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009054","article-title":"The infection of primary avian tracheal epithelial cells with infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"41","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060589","article-title":"Avian influenza A virus infects swine airway epithelial cells without prior adaptation","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2016.04.001","article-title":"Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza A virus in the avian tracheal epithelium","volume":"306","author":"Sid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01133-x","article-title":"Infectivity and transmissibility of an avian H3N1 influenza virus in pigs","volume":"54","author":"Stadejek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ily009","article-title":"Animal models for influenza A virus infection incorporating the involvement of innate host defenses: enhanced translational value of the porcine model","volume":"59","author":"Starb\u00e6k","year":"2018","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L232","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00401.2020","article-title":"Isolation of high-yield and -quality RNA from human precision-cut lung slices for RNA-sequencing and computational integration with larger patient cohorts","volume":"320","author":"Stegmayr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-33","article-title":"Comparative analysis of replication characteristics of BoHV-1 subtypes in bovine respiratory and genital mucosa explants: a phylogenetic enlightenment","volume":"42","author":"Steukers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E43","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.53.1.43","article-title":"Kinetics of BoHV-1 dissemination in an in vitro culture of bovine upper respiratory tract mucosa explants","volume":"53","author":"Steukers","year":"2012","journal-title":"ILAR journal\/National Res. Council Institute Lab. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/943982","article-title":"Evaluation of differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell culture systems for asthma research","volume":"2012","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy (Cairo)"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109067","article-title":"Establishment of caprine airway epithelial cells grown in an air-liquid interface system to study caprine respiratory viruses and bacteria","volume":"257","author":"Strassle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00861-2","article-title":"Infection of bovine well-differentiated airway epithelial cells by Pasteurella multocida: actions and counteractions in the bacteria-host interactions","volume":"51","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00431-20","article-title":"Respiratory and gut microbiota in commercial Turkey flocks with disparate weight gain trajectories display differential compositional dynamics","volume":"86","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1264794","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammatory and immune responses in long-term cultured human precision-cut lung slices","volume":"13","author":"Temann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(87)90044-7","article-title":"Growth of Mycoplasma bovis in organ cultures of bovine foetal trachea and comparison with Mycoplasma dispar","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1023","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00076.2021","article-title":"Optimization of long-term cold storage of rat precision-cut lung slices with a tissue preservation solution","volume":"321","author":"Tigges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-915","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus ST398 gene expression profiling during ex vivo colonization of porcine nasal epithelium","volume":"15","author":"Tulinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053783","article-title":"An ex vivo porcine nasal mucosa explants model to study MRSA colonization","volume":"8","author":"Tulinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-22","article-title":"Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus","volume":"44","author":"Vairo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16804-5","article-title":"Access to a main alphaherpesvirus receptor, located basolaterally in the respiratory epithelium, is masked by intercellular junctions","volume":"7","author":"Van Cleemput","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0630-6","article-title":"Unravelling the first key steps in equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV5) pathogenesis using ex vivo and in vitro equine models","volume":"50","author":"Van Cleemput","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.03.027","article-title":"In vitro culture of equine respiratory mucosa explants","volume":"181","author":"Vandekerckhove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary J."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-38","article-title":"Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution","volume":"7","author":"Van Poucke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160242","article-title":"The effectiveness of bacteriophages against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 nasal colonization in pigs","volume":"11","author":"Verstappen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14817","article-title":"Precision-cut lung slices: A powerful ex vivo model to investigate respiratory infectious diseases","volume":"117","author":"Viana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1858604","article-title":"Bordetella bronchiseptica promotes adherence, colonization, and cytotoxicity of Streptococcus suis in a porcine precision-cut lung slice model","volume":"12","author":"Votsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-018-0162-3","article-title":"Establishment and comparison of air-liquid interface culture systems for primary and immortalized swine tracheal epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039875","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection facilitates invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into the nasal mucosa and nasal polyp tissue","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00470-20","article-title":"Paracellular Pathway-Mediated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Migration across Porcine Airway Epithelial Barrier under Air-Liquid Interface Conditions","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv320","article-title":"Screening for chemical toxicity using cryopreserved precision cut lung slices","volume":"150","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010004","article-title":"Transcriptional host responses to infection with streptococcus suis in a porcine precision-cut lung slice model: between-strain differences suggest association with virulence potential","volume":"13","author":"Weldearegay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020082","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions of mycoplasma mycoides in caprine and bovine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) models","volume":"8","author":"Weldearegay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02628493","article-title":"A biphasic chamber system for maintaining polarity of differentiation of cultured respiratory tract epithelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Whitcutt","year":"1988","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1290\/1543-706X(2003)039<0051:EOGSOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of growth surface on differentiation of cultures of human tracheal epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.12.009","article-title":"Infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent","volume":"10","author":"Winter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0161OC","article-title":"Long-term cultures of polarized airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Wiszniewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(96)00010-0","article-title":"Influence of growth factors and medium composition on benzo[a]pyrene- and vitamin A-induced cell proliferation and differentiation in hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture","volume":"10","author":"Wolterbeek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39668","article-title":"The differentiated airway epithelium infected by influenza viruses maintains the barrier function despite a dramatic loss of ciliated cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.11.008","article-title":"Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces inflammatory response in sheep airway epithelial cells via a MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway","volume":"163","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Immunol. Immunopathol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0629-z","article-title":"Gammaherpesvirus BoHV-4 infects bovine respiratory epithelial cells mainly at the basolateral side","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.16.6.9191474","article-title":"Regulation of the secretory phenotype of human airway epithelium by retinoic acid, triiodothyronine, and extracellular matrix","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.049","article-title":"Chick embryo tracheal organ: a new and effective in vitro culture model for Cryptosporidium baileyi","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.04.013","article-title":"Dual infections of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine arteritis virus in equine respiratory mucosa explants","volume":"220","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0419-4","article-title":"CCL2 and CCL5 driven attraction of CD172a+ monocytic cells during an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in equine nasal mucosa and the impact of two migration inhibitors, rosiglitazone (RSG) and quinacrine (QC)","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1124936","article-title":"Establishment of sheep nasal mucosa explant model and its application in antiviral research","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01259-6","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and barrier disruption in the trachea of chicks following Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection: a focus on the TNF-alpha-NF-kappaB\/MLCK pathway","volume":"55","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565513\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1747022583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565513\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":193,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"article-number":"1565513"}}