{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:50:55Z","timestamp":1792601455094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The choice of empirical treatment in pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) is increasingly complicated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). The aim of this study is to assess the resistance patterns of isolated uropathogens among children and adolescents hospitalized with UTIs in Lebanon; and determine the risk factors associated with MDRO-related UTIs over a 10-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective chart review was conducted at two tertiary medical centers in Beirut. Children and adolescents less than 18 years who were admitted, between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2021, with the following ICD-10 codes: \u201curinary tract infection\u201d, \u201ccystitis\u201d and\/or \u201cpyelonephritis \u201c were included. A case was excluded if the urine culture was polymicrobial or did not meet the definition of UTI we used. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for MDRO infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 876 pediatric UTI cases included, 85% were above 2 months of age and 74.1% were females. 64.5% of 644\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 61.9% of 114\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates met international MDR criteria. After a period of fluctuation, the proportion of MDROs began to steadily increase starting 2019 eventually surpassing the 2011 percentage by nearly 10% in 2021 (67.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.248). Only 2.1% of MDR\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 2.9% of MDR\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were resistant to carbapenems. However, aminoglycoside resistance was high ranging between 28.3% and 48.6%. Children aged \u2265 5 years were nearly twice as likely to present with an MDR uropathogen compared to those &amp;lt; 5 years of age (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Only a history of leukemia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010, AOR = 4.248, 95% CI [1.412\u201312.778]) and antibiotic use in the preceding 30 days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012, AOR = 2.045, 95% CI [1.167\u20133.582]) were found as independent risk factors for UTIs caused by MDROs in multivariable logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the increasing threat of MDROs among pediatric UTIs. Recent antibiotic use was strongly associated with MDRO infections highlighting the urgent need for effective antimicrobial stewardship, re-evaluation of empiric treatment guidelines, and strict abidance by infection control measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1570405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T01:29:17Z","timestamp":1751333357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The challenge of multidrug resistance in hospitalized pediatric patients with urinary tract infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"El Zein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina F.","family":"Boutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"El Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsy","family":"El Tawil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maher","family":"Sraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ghadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silma","family":"El Baasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Haddara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayse","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shady","family":"Tabbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Khafaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Korman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soha","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dany","family":"Al Hamod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan S.","family":"Dbaibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111332","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Antibiotic Resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Children Hospitalized with Urinary Tract Infection at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Abdelgalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.33808\/clinexphealthsci.1010571","article-title":"The effect of antimicrobial policy implementation on carbapenem resistance: A university hospital experience","volume":"12","author":"Aksoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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