{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:25:57Z","timestamp":1793049957632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) causes most cases of the urinary tract infections (UTIs) via virulence factors like biofilms. This study identifies key phenotypic and genotypic virulence attributes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 180 uropathogenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (UPEC) isolated from patients with different categories (cystitis, pyelonephritis, recurrent UTI, catheter-associated UTI, and asymptomatic bacteriuria) of UTI and 30 commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolated from healthy individuals were evaluated for biofilm production by phenotypic methods using tissue culture plate, tube adherence, and Congo red method, and RT-PCR was used to genetically characterize them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study analyzed 1,600 urine samples from UTI patients, with 498 showing significant bacterial growth and 180 identifying <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> as the pathogen. The female-to-male ratio of UTI cases was 0.74. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 100% sensitivity to tigecycline and fosfomycin as well as 89.44%, 86.11%, 81.66%, and 72.22% sensitivity to nitrofurantoin, amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem, respectively. Only 64.44% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, with 10% being multidrug-resistant (MDR). Moreover, 18.33% of the UPEC isolates produced mettalo-beta-lactamases (MBL), and 13.33% produced <jats:italic>AmpC<\/jats:italic> beta-lactamases. Biofilm production was observed in 72.22% of UPEC isolates compared to 16.66% in commensal isolates. The biofilm-forming UPEC, compared to commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, has significantly higher antibiotic resistance, with a 128-fold reduction in ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Additionally, the <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic> gene was detected in 98.33% of the UPEC isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that UPEC strains produce specific virulence determinants like adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Screening for virulence factors should be integrated into microbiology laboratories. Specific virulence genes linked to UPEC may serve as potential targets for prophylactic strategies to prevent recurrent infections and improve management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1570422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:39:03Z","timestamp":1753940343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparative evaluation of biofilm-forming capacity in uropathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rashmi P.","family":"Mahale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Princy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogeesh D.","family":"Maheshwarappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahadevaiah Neelambike","family":"Sumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027943","article-title":"Phenotypes of non-attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates resemble surface-attached biofilm","volume":"6","author":"Alhede","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"222","article-title":"Multidrug resistance and virulence phenotypes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Annapurna","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of current Microbiology and Applied Science"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"222","article-title":"MultidrugvResistance and virulence phenotypes among uropathogenic Escherichiacoli","author":"Annapurna","year":"2014"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Baily and Scott\u2019s","volume-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology-Ed","author":"Baron","year":"2007"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"65","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Fimbrial Adhesins","author":"Behzadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urinary tract infection: the result of the strength of the pathogen, or the weakness of the host"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27463-0","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent","volume":"151","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_14_291","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates at a tertiary care hospital in South India","volume":"35","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.37.1.318-326.1982","article-title":"Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces","volume":"37","author":"Christensen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. 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