{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:04:17Z","timestamp":1790960657130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TB\/HIV co-infection in pediatric TB patients in southwest China and its associated variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric TB patients were recruited from January 2014 to September 2024 in southwest China, based on etiology or clinical confirmation. Hospitalization records were extracted for each patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 2,607 pediatric TB patients with an average age of 9.58 \u00b1 4.08 years, 39 (1.5%) were HIV-positive. The TB\/HIV co-infection group male-to-female ratio was 2:1, higher than the TB-only group 1.19:1. The highest proportion of TB\/HIV co-infection was in the 5-9 years age group (43.6%), while the 10-14 years age group accounted for the highest proportion of TB-alone cases (57.5%). In terms of population distribution, the Yi ethnic group had the highest proportion of TB\/HIV co-infection cases (43.6%), while the Tibetan group had the highest proportion of TB-alone cases (51.1%). Extrapulmonary TB in the TB\/HIV co-infection group primarily involved abdominal and pericardial sites, whereas the TB-alone infection group had more cases of lymphadenitis and pleural TB. The length of hospitalization (&amp;gt;14 days) in the TB\/HIV co-infection group (74.4%) was significantly longer than in the TB-alone infection group (51.7%). Over the past 11 years, most pediatric TB\/HIV co-infection cases were from the eastern-central and southern-central regions of Sichuan, particularly the southern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The number of children with TB-alone infections increased gradually during this period. No significant difference in the number of pediatric TB\/HIV co-infection cases was observed over the 11 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric TB\/HIV co-infection in southwest China predominantly affects middle-aged and young boys, with a higher co-infection rate than the national average. The central and southern regions of Sichuan have a relatively high proportion of cases. Public health efforts should focus on strengthening awareness, screening, and early diagnosis of TB and HIV in children in high-risk areas to prevent further infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1571291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1749618872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence and related factors of TB\/HIV co-infection among hospitalized children with tuberculosis in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dong-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500040022009","article-title":"From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"269","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1377181","article-title":"Moving forward with treatment options for HIV-infected children","volume":"19","author":"Beghin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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