{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:23:49Z","timestamp":1777573429664,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can affect nearly every organ system in the human body and present with diverse clinical manifestations. However, its effects on cardiovascular outcomes remain discrepant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine whether blood inflammatory levels on admission were associated with in-hospital mortality risk in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of 4,711 inpatients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from the Dryad database. Among these individuals, 541 CHF patients with COVID-19 were compared with hospitalized non-CHF patients (n = 4,170). Admission variables including demographic characteristics, vital signs, preexisting comorbidities, and laboratory indicators were obtained as potential confounders for in-hospital mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Univariate analysis with Kaplan\u2013Meier curves suggested that higher inflammatory levels on admission\u2014including white blood cell (WBC) count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein\u2014were associated with a significantly higher risk of in-hospital mortality compared with lower levels. Consistently, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that apart from ferritin [0.8 (0.7, 0.9), &amp;lt;0.001], the WBC [1.3 (1.1, 1.5), 0.013], IL-6 [1.4 (1.2, 1.7), &amp;lt;0.001], procalcitonin [1.2 (1.0, 1.3), 0.031] and C-reactive protein [1.2 (1.1, 1.4), 0.002] were independently associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality in non-CHF patients in the adjusted II model. However, these independent relationships were not observed in CHF patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated systemic inflammatory levels on admission were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality risk in non-CHF patients with COVID-19 but not in CHF patients. These findings may provide a clinical basis for risk stratification in CHF patients. Further studies are needed to support these results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1577214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:14:15Z","timestamp":1761279255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infectious biomarkers upon admission predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with and without chronic heart failure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaochong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.7d7wm37sz","article-title":"Neurologic complications of COVID-19","author":"Altschul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dryad"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73962-9","article-title":"A novel severity score to predict inpatient mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Altschul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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