{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:50:16Z","timestamp":1782481816957,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Intensive medical care provided in companion animal practices carries the potential risk of selecting and disseminating multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). However, data on infection, prevention and control standards specific to small animal veterinary practices (SAVPs) remains limited. The goal of our work was to evaluate the environmental contamination and staff carriage by MDROs in veterinary practices across Portugal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Fourteen SAVPs were enrolled. Environmental samples were collected from critical areas such as operating room, wards and pre-operative area. Veterinary team members voluntarily gave nasal, hand and rectal swabs. All samples were screened for the presence of, including extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. (MRS). Whole-genome sequencing was performed for carbapenem resistant strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Environmental evaluation by surface swabs revealed that 6.5% (n=32\/490) were contaminated with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. (n=5) and IMP-8-producing Pseudomonas juntendi<\/jats:italic> (n=2) strains were described on different locations of different SAVPs. Moreover, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic> (n=12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (n=3) strains were also found on multiple surfaces of different SAVPs. Three human samples (two rectal, one hand) had carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> strains by OprD mutations, while S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic> strains were recovered from four samples (two rectal, two hands). One nasal swab was positive for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> ST11. Only one SAVP surface was positive for the newly typed for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) ST9220-II. MRSA nasal carriage was found in 14% of samples (n=9\/64), with an equal prevalence of ST22-IV and ST8-VI. As for hand samples, MRSA was present in 10.7% (n=4\/38), with a predominance of ST8-VI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>These emerging data indicate that SAVPs may significantly contribute to the dissemination of MDROs. To address this, rigorous infection, prevention and control (IPC) measures should be implemented, alongside educational workshops directed to all veterinary staff as well as to veterinary and nursing students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1582411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T05:10:49Z","timestamp":1746421849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their molecular mechanisms found in small animal veterinary practices in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Moreira da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Santos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorina","family":"Timofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia J.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constan\u00e7a","family":"Pomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02641-22","article-title":"SourceFinder: a machine-learning-based tool for identification of chromosomal, plasmid, and bacteriophage sequences from assemblies","volume":"10","author":"Aytan-Aktug","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2016.04.004","article-title":"Genomic insights into the emergence and spread of international clones of healthcare-, community- and livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Blurring of the traditional definitions","volume":"6","author":"Bal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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