{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1773716598438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine angiostrongylosis, caused by <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus vasorum<\/jats:italic>, affects dogs and red foxes, with dogs developing cardiopulmonary and coagulation disorders, while foxes remain mostly subclinical.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined aortic endothelial cell responses from both species to <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic> adult full somatic antigen extracts, first-stage larval (L1) antigen, and adult excretory-secretory products (ESP). Differential gene expression of interleukins (IL) -6, -10, and -33, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), endothelial selectin (E-selectin), platelet selectin (P-selectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was assessed via reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) after four and 24 hours of antigen exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hours post ESP stimulation, IL-10 increased in dogs (1.8-fold) but decreased in foxes (0.4-fold). IL-33 declined in both, (0.9-fold vs. 0.7-fold, respectively). VCAM-1 was upregulated more in foxes (3.5-fold vs. 1.2 in dogs). Following adult antigen exposure, P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 increased in fox more than in dog cells (1.4, 1.7, and 3.1-fold vs. 0.9, 0.5, and 0.7-fold, respectively). L1 antigen downregulated IL-10 and MCP-1 in dogs (0.7 and 0.8-fold) but upregulated them in foxes (2.1 and 1.1-fold). Twenty-four hours after ESP stimulation, ICAM-1 decreased in dogs (0.8-fold) but increased in foxes (1.4-fold). VCAM-1 was downregulated in dogs (0.6-fold) but upregulated in foxes (12.9-fold). Adult antigen exposure upregulated P-selectin in both species, more in foxes (4.8-fold) than in dogs (1.9-fold). ICAM-1 was downregulated in dogs (0.8-fold) but upregulated 7.5-fold in foxes. L1 antigen stimulation caused the most substantial differences between species: IL-6 was upregulated more in dogs (4.7-fold) than foxes (1.2-fold). E-Selectin was upregulated in dogs (12.8-fold) but downregulated in foxes (0.2-fold). P-selectin increased more in dogs (10.0-fold) than in foxes (1.7-fold). ICAM-1 was downregulated in dogs (0.6-fold) but upregulated in foxes (2.6-fold), as was VCAM-1 (0.7-fold and 3.1-fold). VEGF was upregulated 9.5-fold in dogs after adult antigen exposure, and 7.6-fold after L1 antigen exposure, while it remained rather unchanged in foxes (0.9-fold and 1.0-fold, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings corroborate that foxes have developed mechanisms for a regulated immune response following <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic> exposure, while dogs exhibit a higher pro-inflammatory reaction, contributing to severe clinical outcomes. Host-parasite co-evolution may explain differences in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of canid angiostrongylosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1584663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T05:22:05Z","timestamp":1748928125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Host-specific vascular endothelial cell responses to Angiostrongylus vasorum: a comparative in vitro study in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and domestic dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Belinda","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Wittwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Schnyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas W.","family":"Oehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12531","article-title":"Expression of IL-33 in chronic lesional skin of canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Asahina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. 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