{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:26:40Z","timestamp":1792135600715,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is renowned for its antimicrobial properties, and some strains are used to treat vaginal dysbiosis, although the mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial properties remain elusive. We isolated\n                    <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    M247 (LcM247) from a commercially available probiotic product Crispact\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    and tested its antimicrobial activity against selected pathobionts such as\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    using both cocultures and testing the antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from the culture of the probiotic strain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CFS antimicrobial activity is pH dependent and that it is not affected by temperature and proteinase K treatment. Proteomic analysis suggests that this activity is mediated by S-layer secreted proteins. In a series of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection models, we infected Henrietta Lacks\u2019 cervical eukaryotic cancer cells (HeLa) with\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    at specific multiplicities of infection (MOIs) before the administration of LcM247, CFS, gentamicin or fluconazole alone or in combination with LcM247\/CFS. We observed a slight decrease in the microbial burden following LcM247 administration, while treatment with CFS significantly reduced microbial growth compared to control and antimicrobial compounds. These results highlight the antimicrobial properties of LcM247 and its CFS and the likely mechanism of action that contributes to the eradication of common pathobionts. We show that actively replicating LcM247 is less efficient than its CFS, so the oral administration of LcM247 may result in treatment failure. Finally, the use of CFS may result in an upswing of the host\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and promote the engraftment of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    probiotic treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1586442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T01:14:11Z","timestamp":1749604451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The activity of cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus crispatus M247: a promising treatment against vaginal infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Cicchinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Iavarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Urbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Sanguinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1100029","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Abbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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