{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:25:10Z","timestamp":1793147110276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone infections, specifically chronic osteomyelitis, are characterized by recurrent episodes. They are considered intractable clinical diseases as they require protracted and difficult-to-cure courses. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>) is the most common pathogen responsible for bone infections and has high destruction rates. Previous literature has indicated that during <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> osteomyelitis, immune evasion mainly involves three mechanisms: biofilm formation, intracellular infection, and abscess formation. However, recently, it was observed that <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> can enter and persist for a long time in the Osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN), a bone microstructure. Furthermore, it has been found to successfully evade the host\u2019s immune system <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> natural physical barriers, chemical properties, and bone microstructure\u2019s immune escape mechanisms. Therefore, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> bone infections are more difficult to cure than soft-tissue infections. Currently, there are only a few studies on OLCN invasion by <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, and the clinical evidence is not sufficient. Therefore, this review aimed to combine relevant published literature on the OLCN-mediated immune escape of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> to elaborate on the pathological mechanisms associated with protracted and difficult-to-cure bone infections. The findings will provide a scientific basis and theoretical foundation for future comprehensive analysis of how <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> invades OLCN and novel treatment strategies for bone infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1592086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:23:16Z","timestamp":1748841796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Immune escape of Staphylococcus aureus mediated by osteocyte lacuna-canalicular network leads to persistent and uncured bone infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanming","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060732","article-title":"Development of Bisphosphonate-Conjugated Antibiotics to Overcome Pharmacodynamic Limitations of Local Therapy: Initial Results with Carbamate Linked Sitafloxacin and Tedizolid","volume":"10","author":"Adjei-Sowah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115568","article-title":"Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in bone and joint infections: A mechanism of disease recurrence, inflammation, and bone and cartilage destruction","volume":"141","author":"Alder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000065","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs) and their role in disease","volume":"12","author":"Atalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. 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