{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:07:20Z","timestamp":1754161640222,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/8\/4-3\\Env11\\NCD-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/8\/4-3\\Env11\\NCD-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical evidence suggests that patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have an increased risk of renal impairment due to inflammation induced by virus\u2013host interaction. We aimed to evaluate and validate a set of protein biomarkers singularly and in combination for the early detection of subclinical kidney injury in patients with CHB naive to antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work is part of a prospective cross-sectional study for which 69 HBsAg-positive, treatment-naive patients with CHB with an equal number of age-matched healthy volunteers were considered. At diagnosis, serum creatinine (sCr), urea, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum cystatin-C (sCys-C), serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (sNGAL), serum Fetuin-A (sFet-A), urinary interleukin-18 binding protein (uIL-18BP), and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) levels were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant elevation in the concentrations of three proteins in our CHB cohort (sCys-C, sNGAL, and uIL-18BP; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001) while sFet-A was down-regulated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.01) as compared to the control group. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an Area under the curve of 0.935 for sCys-C and 0.811 for sNGAL, which improved to 0.984 when all four indicators were combined in a panel to discriminate the onset of renal injury incited by inflammatory response in CHB with 97.1% sensitivity at 91.3% specificity. Additionally, only sCys-C and sNGAL differed significantly among the phases of CHB infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This novel noninvasive diagnostic screen is expedient in detecting inflammation and early kidney injury before a rise in sCr and can aid in predicting renal outcomes in patients with CHB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1601678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:22:24Z","timestamp":1753766544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detecting early kidney injury due to host\u2013virus interaction response in treatment-naive CHB\u2014a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Puneet","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subodh","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahendra Kumar","family":"Atlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kewal Krishan","family":"Maudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10572","DOI":"10.34172\/npj.2023.10572","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1; is it a predictive marker for renal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Anandkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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