{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1790817064762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB11335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB11335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactoferrin is known to exhibit broad spectrum activity against a multitude of bacteria, fungi, and viruses due to its multi-functional mode of action. Recently, Lactea Therapeutics and its affiliates have developed a novel, patent-pending technology to purify naturally derived bovine lactoferrin (Lactea Lf) for use as a medical countermeasure that was not previously available. To assess the efficacy of Lactea Lf against biothreat pathogens, we performed biofilm inhibition assays and generated dose-response curves against <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Burkholderia mallei<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic> for proof-of-principle studies. Here, we show that Lactea Lf can significantly inhibit biofilm and decrease the overall growth in a dose dependent manner for all <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic> species tested. Of note, Lactea Lf was found to completely inhibit biofilm formation by virulent <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> without observing complete growth inhibition. The growth of <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> was also significantly inhibited when cultured in the presence of Lactea Lf and appeared more sensitive to treatment when compared to <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. Based on these results, a pneumonic infection model using the <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> LVS strain was performed prophylactically administering Lactea Lf and continuing treatment post challenge. No protection was observed in this model which prompted biodistribution studies using fluorescent tagged Lactea Lf. These experiments revealed that therapeutic material was mainly confined to the NALT region following intranasal delivery and then quickly dispersed or inactivated suggesting that future formulation and delivery method could be addressed to increase <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> treatment efficacy. Taken together, these data support that Lactea Lf is a potentially new candidate for further studies as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial medical countermeasure with efficacy against several high priority biodefense-related bacterial pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1603689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T05:28:10Z","timestamp":1750138090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Treatment of bacterial biothreat agents with a novel purified bioactive lactoferrin affects both growth and biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Xander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie E.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald G.","family":"Toothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Snedeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hlubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal W.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Mlynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805004103","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of melioidosis? 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