{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:16:40Z","timestamp":1792167400202,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>, which encodes a metallo-\u03b2-lactamase that can hydrolyze most \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, has become a serious public health concern in China. It is crucial to investigate the evolution, dissemination, and genetic dynamics of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> to develop potential strategies to control the proliferation of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we collected 1021 <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-positive isolates, which features 67 new genomes from our laboratory and 954 genomes from NCBI. Through epidemiological big data analysis, phylogenetic tree-based geographic transmission analysis, and upstream-downstream genetic clustering evolution analysis, we systematically analyzed the evolution, dissemination, and genetic dynamics of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-positive bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis results indicate that bla<jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub> is gradually supplanting <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> in China and Acinetobacter has been replaced as the primary <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-harboring genus by the Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella, which are both within the Enterobacteriaceae family and more easily transmitted among humans. Furthermore, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-positive bacteria exhibit a distinct livestock-environment-human transmission cycle, while the phylogenetic diversity of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>tet(X)<\/jats:italic>-co-carrying genera is progressively expanding with concomitantly enhanced resistance phenotypes. Currently, the predominant <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-positive bacterial strains have likely disseminated from southwest China to coastal regions. We further identified multiple transposon structures beyond Tn125 that may facilitate <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> transfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diversity of the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> and its carrier bacterial strains is continuously increasing, and its transmission range is also expanding. Of greater concern, super-resistant strains co-harboring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>tet(X)<\/jats:italic> genes exhibit high potential for imminent emergence in human populations. Considering that the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>-carrier bacteria are increasingly adapted to inter-human spread, the analysis results above can provide methodological and data support for epidemiological surveillance, tracing, and early warning alerts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1608826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:24:13Z","timestamp":1754889853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evolution, dissemination, and genetic dynamics of the carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianqun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongguang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28819-2","article-title":"Role of mobile genetic elements in the global dissemination of the carbapenem resistance gene bla NDM","volume":"13","author":"Acman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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