{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:30:36Z","timestamp":1788877836089,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis A Inactivated and Hepatitis B (Recombinant) Vaccine (Hep AB) was approved for use in 2001. Hep AB demonstrates satisfactory efficacy in protecting the public from hepatitis virus infections. However, there is a lack of recent real-world report on its adverse events (AEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved US AE reports related to Hep AB vaccination from VAERS for the period 2020-2024. We used four algorithms: Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN) and Multi-Item Gamma-Poisson Shrinkage (MGPS) to examine AE signals. The ROR and PRR algorithms have higher sensitivity but lower specificity. However, BCPNN and MGPS compensate for this limitation. Combining all four algorithms helps reduce false-positive signals. In addition to the general population, we also focused on reports stratified by gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved 1,640 eligible reports from VAERS. In the general population, we identified two AE signals at the System Organ Classification (SOC) level. Additionally, we found 39\u00a0AE signals at the Preferred Term (PT) level. Among these, endocrine disorders were identified for the first time as AE signals. In the subsequent gender stratified analysis, more AE signals were identified in females compared to males. Notably, signals for endocrine disorders (autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease) were detected in females, whereas no such signals were found in males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive examination of the recent AE reports for Hep AB and identified unexpected AEs, particularly in females. These findings will provide valuable insights into future evidence-based surveillance strategies of Hep AB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1609409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T01:22:34Z","timestamp":1749518554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real-world pharmacovigilance reports of hepatitis A inactivated and hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine: insights from disproportionality analysis of the vaccine adverse event reporting system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junnan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.01.002","article-title":"Hepatitis A: epidemiology, natural history, unusual clinical manifestations, and prevention","volume":"49","author":"Abutaleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics North America"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"55","author":"Fiore","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.102","article-title":"WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines: June 2012-recommendations","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2088","article-title":"TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females","volume":"177","author":"Bergh\u00f6fer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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