{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:23:14Z","timestamp":1786371794596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic restrictions,\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) re-surged widely across the world. This study aimed to determine the genomic epidemiological characteristics of resurging\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which has dominated the respiratory infection outbreak in Beijing, China, since mid-September 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      samples were collected from patients with acute respiratory-tract infections in Beijing in 2018\u20132023. A total of 160\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      genomes were sequenced via probe-capture-based approach. The genetic features of\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were characterized by multilocus sequence typing and comparative genomic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 160 patients with\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections were enrolled. ST3 (n = 93) and ST14 (n = 65) were the predominant sequence types. The macrolide-resistant mutation rate of ST3 was maintained at 100%, whereas that of ST14 increased rapidly. Comparative genomic analysis revealed 99% to &amp;gt; 99% similarity among the Beijing strains from 2023 when aligned to the reference M129 genome. The major variation occurs in the P1 gene. MAUVE indicated a lack of rearrangement, yet it included four subtype-specific insertions and non-conserved\n                      <jats:italic>hsdS<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that strains from Asia and other world regions clustered into distinct clades, with significant evolutionary differences. Further genomic analyses identified some Asia-dominant genetic variations in genes associated with genome stability, pathogenesis, and drug resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 2023 outbreak of\n                      <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was not attributable to a novel variant but stemmed from the resurgence of the pre-existing strains. Our genomic epidemiological findings demonstrated that the endemic strains in different regions exhibit distinct genomic characteristics, associated with genomic stability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1611519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:22:31Z","timestamp":1762496551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genomic epidemiological analysis reveals new insights into the resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuecong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG): simple prokaryote genome comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.2.1900112","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 11 countries in Europe and Israel 2011 to 2016","volume":"25","author":"Beeton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro surveillance: Bull. 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