{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:02:08Z","timestamp":1772107328238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polymorphonuclear-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) are elevated in COVID-19 patients, playing a crucial role in suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response and serving as an early marker for disease progression. In this study, we investigated the involvement of PMN-MDSC from COVID-19 patients in the formation of extracellular traps (ET).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty RT-PCR\u2013confirmed severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU and ten healthy donors were enrolled. PBMC were isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation, and PMN-MDSC frequency was evaluated by flow cytometry. PMN-MDSC were isolated by immunomagnetic separation. ET extrusion was analyzed by immunofluorescence imaging. Apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells cultured with PMN-MDSC was measured by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from COVID-19 patients, unlike that from healthy donors, induced ET formation by PMN-MDSC. Furthermore, the PRP-induced ET was found to be independent of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein itself can trigger ET formation via a TLR4-dependent pathway. Additionally, PMN-MDSC induced endothelial cell apoptosis through an ET-independent mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight a previously unrecognized contribution of PMN-MDSCs to the thrombotic complications in severe COVID-19 cases, underscoring their detrimental impact on disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1612198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:31:39Z","timestamp":1763015499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sars-Cov-2 spike protein and plasma from COVID-19 patients induce extracellular traps by myeloid-derived suppressor cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Germana","family":"Grassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Casetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulema Antonia","family":"Percario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Antimicrobial Immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Tumino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harpreet Kaur","family":"Lamsira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Nardacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Notari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Bordoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncoematologia e Officina Farmaceutica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cimini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Cristofanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorotea","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Affabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Antimicrobial Immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Agrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Oncoematologia e Officina Farmaceutica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Antimicrobial Immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0572-6","article-title":"Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"27","author":"Agrati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300261","article-title":"IgA enhances NETosis and release of neutrophil extracellular traps by polymorphonuclear cells via Fc\u03b1 receptor I","volume":"192","author":"Aleyd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100848","article-title":"Neutrophil profiles of pediatric COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"3","author":"Boribong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.02.007","article-title":"The kinship of neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: Cousins, siblings or twins","volume":"23","author":"Brandau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12150","article-title":"Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards","volume":"7","author":"Bronte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.695972","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 is characterized by an impaired type I interferon response and elevated levels of arginase producing granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells","volume":"12","author":"Dean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144734","article-title":"Functional monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase in blood but not airways and predict COVID-19 severity","volume":"131","author":"Falck-Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.842949","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: the paradox of good","volume":"13","author":"Grassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939486","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation by combined LPS and IFN-gamma treatment impairs DC development","volume":"39","author":"Greifenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2869","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1496","article-title":"Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A and antiphospholipid igA antibodies","volume":"73","author":"Hasan Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00845-6","article-title":"Histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 by bridging the spike protein subunit 2 and sialic acid on host cells","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27841","article-title":"Damage-associated molecular pattern-activated neutrophil extracellular trap exacerbates sterile inflammatory liver injury","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.801410","article-title":"Low levels of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells may be a good marker of survival in the follow-up of patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cortegana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2023.156","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are induced by coronavirus 2019 disease-positive patient plasma and persist longitudinally: A possible link to endothelial dysfunction as measured by syndecan-1","volume":"24","author":"Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.10.013","article-title":"Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010140","article-title":"Differential activation of human neutrophils by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern","volume":"13","author":"Lebourgeois","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.240","article-title":"Cancer-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce anergy of NK cells through membrane-bound TGF-beta 1","volume":"182","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02095-1","article-title":"COVID-19 patient serum-derived extracellular vesicles deliver miR-20b-5p induces neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.01.011","article-title":"G-CSF stem cell mobilization in human donors induces polymorphonuclear and mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"143","author":"Luyckx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01037","article-title":"Role of neutrophil extracellular traps and vesicles in regulating vascular endothelial permeability","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-05-783423","article-title":"Mature CD10+ and immature CD10- neutrophils present in G-CSF-treated donors display opposite effects on T cells","volume":"129","author":"Marini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007008","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Middleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12278","article-title":"On the origin of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"8","author":"Millrud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1609","article-title":"Altered recognition of antigen is a mechanism of CD8+ T cell tolerance in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.12.027","article-title":"Complement C5a induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote metastasis","volume":"529","author":"Ortiz-Espinosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109024","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: A review","volume":"238","author":"Perfilyeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-011-1143-y","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair the quality of dendritic cell vaccines","volume":"61","author":"Poschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-031856","article-title":"L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03125-1","article-title":"Early expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibits SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response and may predict fatal COVID-19 outcome","volume":"11","author":"Sacchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082111","article-title":"Expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells contributes to platelet activation by L-arginine deprivation during SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Sacchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00832-z","article-title":"CLEC5A and TLR2 are critical in SARS-CoV-2-induced NET formation and lung inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Sung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. BioMed. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.001","article-title":"CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor agonists produced by tumors induce neutrophil extracellular traps that interfere with immune cytotoxicity","volume":"52","author":"Teijeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.02.008","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptor function in neutrophils","volume":"34","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0585-7","article-title":"PMN-MDSC are a new target to rescue graft-versus-leukemia activity of NK cells in haplo-HSC transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Tumino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201129","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology","volume":"217","author":"Veras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112322","article-title":"Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo","volume":"209","author":"von Br\u00fchl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.032","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-coV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"183","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2021.21.e16","article-title":"Nucleocapsid and spike proteins of SARS-coV-2 drive neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"21","author":"Youn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.713531","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei Lipophosphoglycan Induces the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Reactive Oxygen Species Burst via Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00495-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1810696","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1612198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1772103773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1612198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1612198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1612198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"article-number":"1612198"}}