{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:24:23Z","timestamp":1789428263002,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dental caries is a multifactorial disease with high prevalence, particularly in vulnerable populations, where <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> contributes to lesion progression via acid production and biofilm formation. Minimally invasive strategies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with advanced delivery systems, offer promising alternatives for caries management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zein-based nanocapsules loaded with curcumin (Nano-curcumin) were synthesized via nanoprecipitation and characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, morphology, and curcumin release. Biocompatibility was assessed using rabbit oral mucosal cells via MTT and trypan blue assays. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested in vitro on primary dentin slices contaminated with S. mutans across four groups: Nano-curcumin, Nano-curcumin + PDT, diode laser, and untreated control. Colony-forming units (CFU) were quantified after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s test (p &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nano-curcumin demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (~100%), spherical morphology, low polydispersity (0.108), and favorable colloidal stability, with sustained curcumin release over 24 hours. Cytotoxicity assays showed &amp;gt;50% cell viability at 100 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u207b\u00b9 and ~80% at intermediate concentrations (50\u201375 \u00b5g\u00b7mL<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\u00b9). Both curcumin nanocapsules and their photosensitized versions significantly reduced <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> CFU compared to controls (p &amp;lt; 0.05), with PDT-enhanced nanocapsules showing the greatest reduction, though not statistically different from non-photosensitized nanocapsules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Curcumin-loaded zein nanocapsules are biocompatible and effective against <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>, with controlled release properties. Photodynamic activation further enhances antimicrobial activity, supporting their potential as a minimally invasive approach for managing carious lesions, particularly in pediatric dentistry. This strategy integrates a natural photosensitizer with a biodegradable polymeric matrix, providing a safe and innovative alternative for caries control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1614363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:17:18Z","timestamp":1757312238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Curcumin-photosensitized nanocapsules: biocompatibility and antimicrobial evaluation in primary tooth dentin contaminated with Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michelle Cristina","family":"Erckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Dominguini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiane Khun","family":"Rutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dachamir","family":"Hotza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Parolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Valgas","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Ramos","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleonice Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anelise Viapiana","family":"Masiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070153","article-title":"Curcumin, a natural antimicrobial agent with strain-specific activity","volume":"13","author":"Adamczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12616","article-title":"Caries removal strategies for deep carious lesions in primary teeth: Systematic review","volume":"30","author":"A\u00efem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.02.018","article-title":"Influence of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in carious lesion. Randomized split-mouth clinical trial in primary molars","volume":"26","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16209","DOI":"10.55905\/cuadv15n12-059","article-title":"Propriedades biol\u00f3gicas e f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicas de cimentos endod\u00f4nticos nanoparticulados","volume":"15","author":"Andreatta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cuad. Educ. Desarro."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103626","article-title":"Tooth color change after photodynamic therapy in endodontics: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Araujo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4156","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of cariogenic pathogens using curcumin as photosensitizer","volume":"35","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100942","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of eucalyptus essential oil-based nanoemulsions for mouthwashes application","volume":"13","author":"Batista","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1117\/12.842339","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in dentin caries: a pilot in vivo study","volume-title":"Lasers in Dentistry XVI. Presented at the Lasers in Dentistry XVI, SPIE","author":"Borges","year":"2010"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2018.1489216","article-title":"A critical review of the properties and analytical methods for the determination of curcumin in biological and pharmaceutical matrices","volume":"49","author":"Carolina Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814293","article-title":"The stability, sustained release and cellular antioxidant activity of curcumin nanoliposomes","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12372","article-title":"Intraoral pH and temperature during sleep with and without mouth breathing","volume":"43","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.07.011","article-title":"The effectiveness of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy depends on pre-irradiation and biofilm growth times","volume":"27","author":"Cusicanqui M\u00e9ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.05.019","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation of physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of zein nanoparticles loaded with phenolics monoterpenes","volume":"481","author":"Da Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124268","article-title":"Development of poly (ethylene oxide) bioactive nanocomposite films functionalized with zein nanoparticles","volume":"586","author":"Da Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"317","article-title":"10 - Applicability of silver nanoparticles and innovation of magnetic nanoparticles in dentistry","volume-title":"Fundamentals and Industrial Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials","author":"da Rosa","year":"2022"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143585","article-title":"Effect of photodynamic therapy on microorganisms responsible for dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126201","article-title":"Curcumin loaded Zein-alginate nanogels with \u201ccore-shell\u201d structure: formation, characterization and simulated digestion","volume":"251","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","article-title":"Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems","volume":"10","author":"Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.04.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: a promise candidate for caries lesions treatment","volume":"12","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102718","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of EDTA combined with photodynamic therapy to reduce Streptococcus mutans in carious dentin","volume":"37","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.141","article-title":"A pH-sensitive delivery system based on N-succinyl chitosan-ZnO nanoparticles for improving antibacterial and anticancer activities of curcumin","volume":"151","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.10.014","article-title":"Enhancing the antibacterial effect of 461 and 521 nm light emitting diodes on selected foodborne pathogens in trypticase soy broth by acidic and alkaline pH conditions","volume":"48","author":"Ghate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12418","article-title":"Perspectives and trends in the application of photodynamic inactivation for microbiological food safety","volume":"18","author":"Ghate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.105339","article-title":"Application in situ of zein nanocapsules loaded with Origanum vulgare Linneus and Thymus vulgaris as a preservative in bread","volume":"99","author":"Gon\u00e7alves da Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120438","article-title":"Advanced nanomedicine and cancer: Challenges and opportunities in clinical translation","volume":"599","author":"Gonzalez-Valdivieso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103183","article-title":"Effect of nanomicelle curcumin-based photodynamic therapy on the dynamics of white spot lesions and virulence of Streptococcus mutans in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Hosseinpour-Nader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01299","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to control clinically relevant biofilm infections","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110262","article-title":"Fabrication of zein\/modified cyclodextrin nanofibers for the stability enhancement and delivery of curcumin","volume":"156","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106886","article-title":"Enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm functions of the curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation against Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010001","article-title":"A curcumin-based oral gel has potential protective efficacy against oral mucositis: in vitro study","volume":"14","author":"Idrees","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060660","article-title":"The role of curcumin in oral health and diseases: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Inchingolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511422064","article-title":"Sealing caries in primary molars: randomized control trial, 5-year results","volume":"90","author":"Innes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.032","article-title":"Rheology, stability, antioxidant properties, and curcumin release of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by rice starch nanoparticles","volume":"214","author":"Kamwilaisak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00487","article-title":"Nanocurcumin: A promising candidate for therapeutic applications","volume":"11","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14295\/bds.2019.v22i1.1635","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of methylene blue formulations with oxygen carrier at different pHs: preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Knorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"BDS"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513504218","article-title":"The exopolysaccharide matrix: A virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm","volume":"92","author":"Koo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00012E","article-title":"Dynamic investigation of zein-based degradable and hemocompatible coatings for drug-eluting stents: a microfluidic approach","volume":"23","author":"Lenzuni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13121837","article-title":"Design and characterization of a novel core\u2013shell nano delivery system based on zein and carboxymethylated short-chain amylose for encapsulation of curcumin","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1120251","article-title":"Zein-based nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and pharmaceutical application","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000503309","article-title":"Terminology of dental caries and dental caries management: consensus report of a workshop organized by ORCA and cariology research group of IADR","volume":"54","author":"Machiulskiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.06.003","article-title":"Flow cytometric assessment of Streptococcus mutans viability after exposure to blue light-activated curcumin","volume":"11","author":"Manoil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract12050085","article-title":"Antibacterial Effects of Curcumin Nanocrystals against Porphyromonas gingivalis Isolated from Patients with Implant Failure","volume":"12","author":"Maleki Dizaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15343-3.00011-5","article-title":"Chapter 13 - Silver nanoparticles and their role in the treatment of endodontic infections","volume-title":"Silver Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery","author":"Masiero","year":"2024"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.09.005","article-title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and ultraconservative caries removal linked for management of deep caries lesions","volume":"12","author":"Melo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124664","article-title":"Stimulus-responsive starch-based nanocapsules for targeted delivery and antibacterial applications","volume":"241","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103322","article-title":"Improving antimicrobial activity against endodontic biofilm after exposure to blue light-activated novel curcumin nanoparticle","volume":"42","author":"Minhaco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.33362\/ries.v8i2.2124","article-title":"S\u00edntese verde de nanopart\u00edculas de prata para uso em biomateriais odontol\u00f3gicos","author":"Narciso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Study of the microstructure of mineralised tissues in 50 human primary teeth","volume":"5","author":"Nehete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527832095.ch13","article-title":"Zein Nanoparticles: Bioactive Compounds and Controlled Delivery","volume-title":"Nanoengineering of Biomaterials","author":"Nunes","year":"2022"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/03639040903264389","article-title":"Diffusional properties of zein membranes and matrices","volume":"36","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080596","article-title":"Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of curcumin: advances in delivery systems and clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Omidian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030673","article-title":"Photosensitized methylene blue nanoparticles: A promising approach for the control of oral infections","volume":"13","author":"Parizzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp50408e","article-title":"Influence of external bacterial structures on the efficiency of photodynamic inactivation by a cationic porphyrin","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103051","article-title":"An ex vivo evaluation of physico-mechanical and anti-biofilm properties of resin-modified glass ionomer containing ultrasound waves-activated nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans biofilm around orthodontic bands","volume":"40","author":"Pourhajibagher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.002","article-title":"Physico-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of an orthodontic adhesive containing cationic curcumin doped zinc oxide nanoparticles subjected to photodynamic therapy","volume":"25","author":"Pourhajibagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.09.014","article-title":"Exploring different photosensitizers to optimize elimination of planktonic and biofilm forms of Enterococcus faecalis from infected root canal during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy","volume":"24","author":"Pourhajibagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.04.028","article-title":"Effect of silver-containing agents on the ultra-structural morphology of dentinal collagen","volume":"36","author":"Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1566424","article-title":"A review on potential toxicity of dental material and screening their biocompatibility","volume":"29","author":"Shahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124489","article-title":"Evaluation of photodynamic therapy on nanoparticles and films loaded-nanoparticles based on chitosan\/alginate for curcumin delivery in oral biofilms","volume":"240","author":"Silvestre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.10.108003","article-title":"Randomized in vivo evaluation of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on deciduous carious dentin","volume":"20","author":"Steiner-Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles containing mixture of curcuminoids for optimization of photodynamic inactivation","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1159\/000447309","article-title":"Ecological hypothesis of dentin and root caries","volume":"50","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/150653","article-title":"Innovative strategies to overcome biofilm resistance","volume":"2013","author":"Taraszkiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1626","article-title":"Comparative effects of photodynamic therapy mediated by curcumin on standard and clinical isolate of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"16","author":"Tonon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contemp Dent. Pract."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020135","article-title":"Curcumin: biological activities and modern pharmaceutical forms","volume":"11","author":"Uro\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R61","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/9\/R01","article-title":"The physics, biophysics and technology of photodynamic therapy","volume":"53","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031298","article-title":"Fabrication, evaluation, and antioxidant properties of carrier-free curcumin nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102789","article-title":"The synergistic effect of Nano-propolis and curcumin-based photodynamic therapy on remineralization of white spot lesions: An ex vivo study","volume":"38","author":"Zaleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki232","article-title":"Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans biofilms to photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study","volume":"56","author":"Zanin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134344","article-title":"Preparation, properties and interaction of curcumin loaded zein\/HP-\u03b2-CD nanoparticles based on electrostatic interactions by antisolvent co-precipitation","volume":"403","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7092","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01536A","article-title":"Development of curcumin-loaded zein nanoparticles for transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier and inhibition of glioblastoma cell growth","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000171","article-title":"Antibacterial Mechanism of Curcumin: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.117","article-title":"Dual-modified starch nanospheres encapsulated with curcumin by self-assembly: Structure, physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"191","author":"Zhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/186864","article-title":"A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin","volume":"2014","author":"Zorofchian Moghadamtousi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1614363\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:17:20Z","timestamp":1757312240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1614363\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1614363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1614363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"article-number":"1614363"}}