{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:49:33Z","timestamp":1793137773102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":353,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Brucellosis is a recognized zoonotic disease caused by various\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species with significant economic and animal welfare ramifications worldwide. The spread of brucellosis from domestic livestock and wild animals, as well as its emergence in new regions, present novel epidemiological challenges. The consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products from unsanitary farms in endemic areas poses a serious risk to public health from brucellosis. Determining the accurate prevalence of brucellosis, particularly in regions with persistently high prevalence, basically requires careful and frequent surveillance. Furthermore, transmission and detection of the illness in non-endemic areas have become more complex due to global human and animal migration as well as the trade in animal products. This review presents an updated understanding of brucellosis, covering its classification and taxonomy, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment approaches, epidemiology, available control and prevention measures, antimicrobial resistance and the role of metal uptake in bacterial virulence. It highlights the consequences of brucellosis for global health and underscores the need for continuous research, knowledge sharing, and interdisciplinary cooperation for effective disease control and prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1621230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T01:27:54Z","timestamp":1751938074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Brucellosis: Bacteriology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and role of the metallophores in virulence: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Ghssein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Ezzeddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Tokajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charbel Al","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose-Noel","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle F.","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein F.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8769","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S149774","article-title":"Oral immunization of mice with Omp31-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles induces high protection against Brucella melitensis infection","volume":"12","author":"Abkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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