{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:45:39Z","timestamp":1780508739317,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI116917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI116917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32TR004543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32TR004543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011500","name":"Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of human bacterial pathogens have the ability to form biofilms <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> on body tissues and implantable medical devices. Biofilm-mediated chronic bacterial infections are difficult to treat due to their recalcitrance to antimicrobials and immune effectors, often requiring invasive surgical intervention to clear the infection. The difficulty in effectively executing these treatment strategies underscores the need for therapeutic agents that specifically target the biofilm state. To this end, we previously identified two small molecules, JG-1 and M4, that <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> effectively inhibit and disperse biofilms of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium and members of the ESKAPE pathogen group, including <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>. In addition to its antibiofilm effects, M4 has a bactericidal effect on <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>. While these compounds have promising utility as antimicrobial agents, their mechanism of action remains unknown. By employing multiple techniques including RNAseq, thermal proteome profiling, and site directed mutagenesis, we identified multiple proteins essential to biofilm formation and evaluated their role in the presence of JG-1 and M4 in mutant and wildtype backgrounds. We report that the JG-1 and M4 actions are influenced by proteins important to biofilm maintenance, including OmpA, OmpC, and TrxA. Compound-bacteria interactions cause transcriptional changes that result in biofilm dispersal, and modulation of other virulence mechanisms, including invasion and motility. Additionally, we report that M4 interacts with <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> CodY, which promotes cell death, while the specific targets in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium and <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic> remain elusive. Collectively, this study presents an empirical investigation into JG-1 and M4\u2019s mechanism of action in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium, <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, and how the antibiofilm compounds disrupt microbial community dynamics, ultimately driving biofilm dispersal or cell death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1631575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:43:57Z","timestamp":1758087837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanisms of antibiofilm compounds JG-1 and M4 across multiple species: alterations of protein interactions essential to biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aliyah N.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob F.","family":"Maziarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baileigh","family":"Laipply","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allysa L.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Woolard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Sorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta J.","family":"Melander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Melander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00532-16","article-title":"Salmonella extracellular matrix components influence biofilm formation and gallbladder colonization","volume":"84","author":"Adcox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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