{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:07:36Z","timestamp":1790996856990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate SabiWhite-loaded ethosomes (SW-ETH) for topical application, focusing on improving stability, biocompatibility, and therapeutic efficacy. Ethosomal formulations are known for their enhanced drug delivery properties, making them suitable for skin inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SW-ETH formulations were developed utilizing an adapted cold preparation technique. A 3\u00b2 factorial design was used to optimize phospholipid concentration and ethanol content, and their impact on vesicle size and entrapment efficiency (EE%) was assessed. Structural characterization of SabiWhite was performed using melting point determination, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      drug release was assessed using a Franz diffusion cell, and anti-inflammatory and skin irritation studies were performed on Wistar rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SabiWhite exhibited a melting point of 96\u00b0C and characteristic FTIR peaks, confirming its identity and purity. XRD analysis revealed its crystalline nature, while ethosomal formulations showed a shift to an amorphous state. The optimized SW-ETH formulation (SW-ETH 6) had a vesicle size of 184.4 nm, an EE% of 92.5%, and a zeta potential of -13.50 mV, indicating stable and uniform vesicles.\n                      <jats:italic>In-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      drug release from SW-ETH 6 showed a sustained release profile with 93.12% drug release over 24 hours.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , SW-ETH demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects with 36.17% edema inhibition at 150 minutes, comparable to Diclofenac gel (41.92%). No skin irritation was observed, and the formulation was classified as non-irritant. Stability tests confirmed minimal changes in appearance, viscosity, and drug content over 120 days at different storage conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SW-ETH demonstrated effective drug encapsulation, enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, and excellent biocompatibility, making it a promising candidate for topical therapy. Further clinical validation is warranted to confirm its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1640799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1753162276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and optimization of a novel nanocarrier SabiWhite-loaded ethosomal gel for targeted skin inflammation complicated by multidrug-resistant pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minlie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S105016","article-title":"Ethosomal nanocarriers: the impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Abdulbaqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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