{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:38:16Z","timestamp":1792291096711,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2508905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2508905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014869","name":"Chongqing Xinqiao Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YQB062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YQB062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n infection (CDI) is a significant cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, manifesting as mild diarrhea, fulminant colitis, and even death. It is typically recognized as a healthcare-associated infection. Glucosyltransferase toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) are two major factors responsible for the pathogenicity of\n Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n (\n C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n ). They bind to cell surface receptors and enter the cytoplasm via pH-dependent pore formation, causing cell death by inactivating GTPase. This review elucidates the pathogenic mechanisms of\n C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n glucosyltransferase toxins and discusses the interactions between the two toxins and host cells. It also summarizes current progresses in CDI therapies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the disease and laying the foundation for developing novel therapies and management strategies.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1641564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T05:27:47Z","timestamp":1760333267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanisms of Clostridioides difficile glucosyltransferase toxins and their roles in pathology: insights and emerging therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.108","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis: pathogenesis and host defence","volume":"14","author":"Abt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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