{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:05:35Z","timestamp":1788923135125,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004561","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u0410\u042019677712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0410\u042019677712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between November 2023 and January 2024, a severe gastroenteritis outbreak with high mortality occurred among working dogs based in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The epidemic was characterized by an acute onset, rapid progression, and resulted in the death of over 100 juveniles (under 12-month-old) and several vaccinated adult dogs. In this study, we investigated the co-occurrence of canine circovirus and canine parvovirus DNAs in clinical samples from affected dogs, performed genetic characterization of the identified viruses, and evaluated their role in the outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polymerase Chain Reaction and Massive Parallel Sequencing methods were used in this research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polymerase chain reaction analysis of clinical samples revealed the presence of canine parvovirus in eight of the ten samples examined. Further, high-throughput sequencing of pooled oral, rectal, and blood swabs revealed that the majority of viral sequences corresponded to viruses in the Circovirus genus (<jats:italic>Circoviridae<\/jats:italic>, 42.3%), followed by Protoparvovirus genus (<jats:italic>Parvoviridae<\/jats:italic>, 38%), together accounting for over 80% of all viral reads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Viral co-infections are a leading cause of mortality in dogs, with canine parvovirus enteritis often complicated by other pathogens such as canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, and rotavirus. The presence of multiple pathogens can obscure the primary etiology, highlighting the need for comprehensive molecular diagnostics. Our findings underscore the critical importance of advanced molecular diagnostics in resolving complex infectious disease outbreaks in canine populations and inform future strategies for outbreak prevention and control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1645697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T05:29:28Z","timestamp":1758518968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Co-infection of canine parvovirus and circovirus in fatal gastroenteritis outbreak among service dogs in Kazakhstan, 2023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Temirlan","family":"Sabyrzhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidyn","family":"Kydyrmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yermukhammet","family":"Kassymbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nailya","family":"Klivleyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiken","family":"Baimakhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kobey","family":"Karamendin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103926","article-title":"Role of canine circovirus in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea","volume":"180","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Rec"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050722","article-title":"Old and novel enteric parvoviruses of dogs","volume":"12","author":"Capozza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. 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