{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T05:15:19Z","timestamp":1793078119622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The rise of antibiotic-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    poses a significant global health threat. Plasmids, as mobile genetic elements, play a critical role in bacterial adaptation by facilitating the spread of resistance genes. To analyze plasmid-mediated antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in clinical\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, 33\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from wastewater were subjected to third-generation nanopore sequencing to obtain high-quality whole-genome assemblies. The presence and diversity of plasmids associated with antibiotic and heavy metal resistance were analyzed, and phenotypic assays were conducted to confirm metal resistance. A total of 81 plasmids were identified across 24 strains, including 28 (34.6%) novel plasmids. Among them, 22 plasmids carried antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with 12 containing integrons, four of which were complex Class I integrons and two unconventional integrons. Notably, a novel conjugative plasmid, pKP228-1, was discovered carrying a complex Class I integron with a unique gene cassette array encoding 12 ARGs, and harboring\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the adjacent IS\n                    <jats:italic>CR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated region. Another plasmid, pKP174-2, harbored\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-8.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>tporJ1-tmexCD1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, 24 plasmids encoded resistance to eight heavy metals\/metalloids, and 12 plasmids co-harbored both ARGs and metal resistance genes, indicating potential co-selection mechanisms. This study highlights the extensive diversity and novel structures of plasmids carrying both antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in clinical\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. The observed co-occurrence of the two resistance types highlights the need for comprehensive genomic surveillance to monitor the spread of multi-resistance determinants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1653886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:26:05Z","timestamp":1764051965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalent and diverse new plasmid-encoded heavy metal and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella strains isolated from hospital wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Grace Pascale","family":"Engobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenya","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyun","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-025-01634-9","article-title":"High frequency of chromosomal polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from dairy farm animals and genomic analysis of mcr-1-positive strain","volume":"56","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. 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