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Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly the antimicrobial resistance gene in <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>, presents a critical challenge to global public health. Sichuan province is the largest producer and consumer of rabbit meat in China. However, few studies have focused on AMR surveillance in rabbits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platforms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 73 <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> strains were isolated, including <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, Salmonella enterica, <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Resistance rates to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ampicillin exceeded 60%. For <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates showed that ST328, ST22, and ST29 were the primary sequence types, with O178:H7 being the predominant serotype. Remarkably, 48% (35\/73) of the isolates carried the <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic> gene, and among these, 82.9% (29\/35) mcr-1.1-positive isolates contained the IncI2 plasmid replicon. The <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic> gene in <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> transferred to a recipient strain. Furthermore, the genetic environment of the <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic> gene showed that it was flanked by <jats:italic>PAP2<\/jats:italic> and a relaxase. Comparative analysis indicated that the <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic>-positive plasmid exhibited high sequence identity to plasmids from human, porcine, and bovine sources. Notably, a phylogenetic analysis based on core single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrated that certain rabbit-derived <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>-positive <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> strains clustered within the same evolutionary branch as humanderived strains. These findings indicated that smaller-scale breeding operations, such as rabbit farming, could serve as underrecognized reservoirs of AMR determinants, particularly the <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic> gene, thus requiring systematic assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1663852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:49:20Z","timestamp":1759297760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in rabbit farms: an underestimated reservoir harboring mcr-1.1"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zizhe","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuanyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guolian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111716","article-title":"Colistin update on its mechanism of action and resistance, present and future challenges","volume":"8","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00930-x","article-title":"Genetic relatedness of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans, chickens and poultry environments","volume":"10","author":"Aworh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Infection Control"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0101523","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01015-23","article-title":"Genomic evidence of mcr-1.26 incX4 plasmid transmission between poultry and humans","volume":"11","author":"Binsker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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