{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:30:20Z","timestamp":1788813020201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, particularly sucrose, has contributed to metabolic disorders and oral diseases such as dental caries by promoting dysbiotic biofilm formation and reducing microbial diversity. Allulose, a rare sugar with physicochemical properties similar to sucrose, has been suggested to offer metabolic health benefits; however, its impact on oral biofilm ecology remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the cariogenic potential of allulose using a multi-tiered in vitro platform consisting of single-species planktonic and biofilm models, a dual-species biofilm model involving <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> (pathogen) and <jats:italic>Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic> (commensal), and a saliva-derived microcosm biofilm model. Key virulence indicators, including bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and microbial community composition, were quantitatively assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to sucrose, glucose, and fructose, allulose supported reduced bacterial growth and acid production, showing a profile similar to non-fermentable sugar alcohols such as xylitol and erythritol. Biofilms developed under allulose conditions lacked the dense EPS-enmeshed microcolonies and dome-shaped architecture characteristic of sucrose-induced S. mutans-dominant biofilms. In the saliva-derived microcosm model, allulose-treated biofilms maintained higher microbial diversity and preserved health-compatible genera such as <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Granulicatella<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate that allulose supports lower bacterial virulence activity and minimal biofilm formation compared to common dietary sugars while preserving microbial diversity. This highlights its potential as a non-cariogenic sugar alternative with microbiome-conscious benefits and provides ecological insight into how allulose may modulate oral biofilm structure and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1670139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T05:22:50Z","timestamp":1760937770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unveiling the impact of allulose on oral microbiota and biofilm formation via a cariogenic potential assessment platform"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Seunghun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuthirakkal","family":"Rajitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungbin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeeui","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Young","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyeop","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2741\/1305","article-title":"Virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"9","author":"Banas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. 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