{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:37:43Z","timestamp":1790095063568,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous studies have shown that\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12<\/jats:italic>\n                      plays a role in maintaining the intestinal barrier and regulating inflammation; however, its potential connection to ocular diseases has not been thoroughly explored. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common ocular complication of diabetes and is closely associated with metabolic dysregulation. This study investigated whether BB-12 supplementation could affect systemic diabetic symptoms, the progression of DR, and the stability of gut microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic db\/db mice were utilized to monitor metabolic parameters, assess hepatic and lipid profiles, evaluate retinal function via ERG, and examine retinal morphology through OCT and HE staining. Treg\/Th17 balance was analyzed by flow cytometry, and gut microbiota composition was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that BB-12 reduced obesity, decreased hepatic steatosis, improved retinal blood vessel health and vision, and influenced both the Treg\/Th17 balance and gut dysbiosis in diabetic mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings lay the groundwork for regulatory role of intestinal microbiota on systemic and ocular complications of diabetes, and further examination of the gut-retina axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1681943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:46:57Z","timestamp":1762429617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 attenuates diabetic retinopathy through gut microbiota modulation: evidence for the gut\u2013retinal axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haocheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14100518","article-title":"Association of Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio with body mass index in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S067","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.142","article-title":"Modelling diabetic nephropathy in mice","volume":"14","author":"Azushima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.926926","article-title":"Composition and diversity of gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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