{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:48:39Z","timestamp":1783738119125,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Influenza A virus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major cause of seasonal respiratory illness, typically self-limiting in children. However, in rare instances, it can lead to fulminant systemic complications such as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), sepsis-induced shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). We report a rare case of a 2-year-3-month-old girl who developed sepsis-induced shock secondary to influenza A infection. The patient presented with sudden high fever, frequent seizures, impaired consciousness, and respiratory failure. Rapid clinical deterioration ensued, with evidence of profound hyperinflammatory response, coagulopathy, hepatic and myocardial injury, and lactic acidosis. Neurophysiological findings were consistent with ANE. Notably, peripheral blood smear revealed two rare hematologic features: blue-green neutrophilic inclusions (BGNIs) and neutrophilic phagocytosis of both lymphocytes and erythrocytes. These findings\u2014unprecedented in the context of pediatric influenza A infection\u2014may reflect severe immune dysregulation and oxidative stress. Despite aggressive multidisciplinary interventions, the patient succumbed to MODS and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) on day 4 of illness. This is the first reported pediatric case of influenza A infection with concurrent BGNIs and neutrophilic hemophagocytosis in peripheral blood. These morphological abnormalities may serve as hematological markers of life-threatening systemic inflammation in viral sepsis. Awareness and prompt recognition of these features may aid in prognostication and clinical decision making for critically ill children with influenza.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1684054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:10:23Z","timestamp":1761973823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unusual neutrophilic morphology in influenza-A-induced septic shock: Blue-green inclusions and phagocytosis of autologous cells in a toddler"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000936","article-title":"Pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"135","author":"Canna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16882","article-title":"Clinical significance of blue-green neutrophil and monocyte cytoplasmic inclusions in SARS-CoV-2 positive critically ill patients","volume":"190","author":"Cantu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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Hematol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2539-x","article-title":"Influenza virus-related critical illness: pathophysiology and epidemiology","volume":"23","author":"Kalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13827","article-title":"Blue-green cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils\/monocytes of patients with yellow fever","volume":"44","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13421","article-title":"Detection and significance of green inclusions in peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes","volume":"43","author":"Merino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. 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Hematol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000392","article-title":"Green neutrophilic inclusions: current understanding and review of literature","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18556","article-title":"Green inclusions in peripheral blood neutrophils of a patient with Pandoraea apista bacteraemia","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1684054\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:10:24Z","timestamp":1761973824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1684054\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1684054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1684054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"article-number":"1684054"}}