{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:09:36Z","timestamp":1767870576944,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral and maxillofacial space infections (OMSI) vary widely in clinical severity, yet the relationships between microbial community patterns in the abscess niche and host inflammatory responses remain incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, severity-stratified study of 197 patients diagnosed with OMSI between January 2020 and November 2023. Patients were stratified into mild (n=90), moderate (n=41), and severe (n=66) groups based on established clinical criteria. We performed mNGS on abscess pus samples to characterize the microbial community composition and assessed associations between these features and systemic inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although \u03b1-diversity did not differ significantly among severity groups, \u03b2-diversity analysis revealed distinct microbial communities. Pairwise analyses indicated a threshold-like community shift, characterized by a significant divergence between mild and severe infections, while the moderate group exhibited an intermediate composition that overlapped with both. Severe infections were characterized by an enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Furthermore, analysis of predominant taxa (&amp;gt;30% abundance) revealed considerable microbial heterogeneity, challenging a simple monoinfection model. Notably, a machine learning-identified microbial profile comprising\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly correlated with elevated systemic inflammatory markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study characterizes associations between abscess-site microbial communities and host inflammatory profiles across OMSI severity strata. Given the cross-sectional design and the lack of an external validation cohort, the present findings should be interpreted as exploratory and non-causal. Future multicenter prospective studies including independent validation cohorts are warranted to test reproducibility and to evaluate whether any candidate features possess generalizable predictive value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1695928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:35:12Z","timestamp":1767854112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metagenomic analysis reveals severity-dependent microbial succession and correlation with host inflammatory response in oral and maxillofacial space infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018","article-title":"Biology of oral streptococci","volume":"6","author":"Abranches","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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