{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T07:40:58Z","timestamp":1794210058796,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Pathogenic strains of\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ) cause colibacillosis in pre- and post-weaning piglets. Fimbrial and non-fimbrial adhesins, as well as heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, are main virulence factors in enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC) and shigatoxigenic (STEC) pathotypes which cause colidiarrhea or colitoxemia in piglets.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty-five piglets submitted for necropsy were examined for gross and histological lesions.\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n strains were isolated, biochemically confirmed, and tested by PCR for 15 virulence genes (VGs). Statistical analyses used appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the distribution. The results with p values less than or equal to 0.05 (p \u2264 0.05) were considered statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, 84.48% of strains carried at least one VG. The occurrence of six VGs -\n astA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n estII<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n faeG<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n estI<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n elt<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n paa<\/jats:italic>\n - was high, with frequencies of 67.24%, 63.97%, 55.18%, 50.00%, 48.27%, and 44.82%, respectively. ETEC predominated (63.79%), while 5.17% of strains carried EPEC or STEC genes; 15.52% were non-specific virotypes, and 15.52% were apathogenic. Lesions were most prominent in the small intestine. The virotype LT:STa:STb:EAST1:PAA:F4 was most common, whereas STa:Stx2:Stx2e was linked to the most severe lesions. Lesions varied depending on the pathotype involved and the VGs expressed. Severity of lesions differed significantly between suckling and weaned piglets (p = 0.0091) and between piglets with and without diarrhea (p = 0.0223), with suckling and diarrheic piglets showing more pronounced pathological changes. More extensive lesions in ETEC were associated with the acquired\n astA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n paa<\/jats:italic>\n genes. Pathoscores were significantly associated with\n faeG<\/jats:italic>\n \/F4 (p = 0.0001),\n eltA<\/jats:italic>\n \/LT (p = 0.0001),\n estII<\/jats:italic>\n \/STb (p = 0.0001),\n paa<\/jats:italic>\n \/PAA (p = 0.0002), and\n astA<\/jats:italic>\n \/EAST1 (p = 0.0029).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Strong associations between specific VGs - particularly\n faeG<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n eltA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n estII<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n paa<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n astA<\/jats:italic>\n - and higher lesion scores show that VG detection can help predict disease severity and guide interventions. Age-specific interpretation is crucial, as isolates from pre-weaned piglets often carried more VGs and were associated with more severe lesions. This study underscores the value of integrating bacteriological, molecular and histopathological data for accurate diagnosis, especially given the high prevalence of VG-positive and recombinant ETEC strains.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1704407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1769412031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of virulence genes and pathotypes of intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli on gastrointestinal lesions in pre- and post-weaning piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Sukali\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Regional Department Kri\u017eevci","place":["Kri\u017eevci, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kon\u010durat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Regional Department Kri\u017eevci","place":["Kri\u017eevci, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Duvnjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doroteja","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zagreb \u2013 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O-ZNA","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Beni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Habrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substrate and Media Preparation Laboratory, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordan","family":"Kompes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for General Bacteriology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Humski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2017.0594","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens of pigs with particular reference to Escherichia coli: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Abubakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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