{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:40:36Z","timestamp":1787312436366,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by enterohemorrhagic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EHEC) O157 contain Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), the major virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of EHEC-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (EHEC-HUS). However, it remains unclear whether EHEC OMVs produced in the human intestine during infection play a role in EHEC-HUS development. Using a mouse model, we investigated whether EHEC O157 OMVs administered by oral gavage translocate from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream, enter the kidneys, and induce signs of EHEC-HUS. Because mice, unlike humans, express the Stx2 receptor Gb3 on the renal tubular epithelium but not on the glomerular endothelium, we focused on the ability of EHEC O157 OMVs to cause tubular damage, which represents a mechanism that, alongside glomerular thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), contributes to acute kidney failure in EHEC-HUS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sera and kidneys of BALB\/c mice orally administered EHEC O157 OMVs were examined for OMVs by immunoelectron and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Histopathological evaluation of the kidneys was performed by light and electron microscopy, and blood analyses were conducted using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of EHEC O157 OMVs toward human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) and tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) was determined by Cell Death ELISA. In addition, sera from patients with EHEC O157-associated HUS were examined for O157 OMVs by immunoelectron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EHEC O157 OMVs were detected in the sera and kidneys of mice orally administered 100\u2013400 \u00b5g of OMVs. The mice exhibited renal tubular epithelial damage and had significantly increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicating acute kidney failure. EHEC O157 OMVs induced apoptosis in HRGECs and HK-2 cells, the primary targets in EHEC-HUS. Moreover, EHEC O157 OMVs were found in the sera of patients with EHEC O157-associated HUS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orally administered EHEC O157 OMVs translocated from the gastrointestinal tract to the kidneys, where they caused tubular epithelial injury followed by acute kidney failure. Combined with their cytotoxicity toward HRGECs and HK-2 cells and detection in patient sera, these findings indicate that EHEC O157 OMVs contribute to the pathogenesis of EHEC-HUS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1704731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:28:14Z","timestamp":1763965694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 outer membrane vesicles administered by oral gavage cause renal tubular injury and acute kidney failure in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jarom\u00edr","family":"H\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Vlkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Krsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Kola\u0159\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al\u017eb\u011bta","family":"Sp\u00e1lenkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Sychra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Tesa\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emin","family":"Gayibov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radka","family":"V\u00e1clav\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Zieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bielaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2236","article-title":"Relative nephroprotection during Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: association with intravenous volume expansion","volume":"115","author":"Ake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-3991-6","article-title":"Hyponatremia: a new predictor of mortality in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Alconcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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