{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:34:34Z","timestamp":1763966074484,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MRMPP) has been increasing in children, resulting in prolonged illness and complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrashort-wave therapy (USWT) as a second-line therapy in patients with MRMPP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective controlled practice clinical study of 112 children hospitalized with MRMPP, assigned to a control group (n = 75) who received standard therapy, or a USWT group (n = 37), who received standard therapy plus USWT. The groups were assigned based on parental preference, not randomization. The primary outcomes studied were length of stay, pulmonary lesion resolution, and new lesion rate; a secondary analysis investigated time to introduce USWT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The baseline clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups, with the exception of the mean length of stay. The length of stay was significantly longer for the USWT group (10.9 \u00b1 3.1 vs. 9.4 \u00b1 2.4 days, p = 0.01). The resolution of lesions was significantly higher (97.3 vs. 72.0%, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and new lesion rates were lower in the USWT group (16.2 vs. 29.3%), but not significant (p = 0.20). The multivariate analysis confirmed that USWT and severity of pneumonia were significant independent variables affecting lung length of stay (p &amp;lt;0.01; p &amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>USWT as adjunctive therapy for children with MRMPP significantly improved resolution of pulmonary lesions, while also being associated with longer length of stay. These findings suggest that USWT may be a supportive, non-pharmacologic adjunctive therapy to improve recovery from antibiotic-resistant pediatric pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1712824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:29:36Z","timestamp":1763965776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy analysis of ultrashort wave therapy as adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients with macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122553","article-title":"Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations in hospitalized children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"9","author":"Biagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","article-title":"The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006172","article-title":"2024 focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9328177","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9328177","article-title":"Clinical features and biomarkers for early prediction of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"2024","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13331","article-title":"The treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldm020","article-title":"Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries","volume":"83","author":"Giombini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.24.4.212","article-title":"Microwave diathermy","volume":"24","author":"Goats","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.01.080","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound-guided endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency for the varicose veins treatment: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.21608\/aps.2024.267337.1158","article-title":"Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) as a promising tool for treatment against multi-drug resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Sci. Ain Shams Univ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03103-0","article-title":"Insight into the pathogenic mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"80","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.08.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae by age distribution in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Kawakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1092172","article-title":"Thermal build-up, decay and retention responses to local therapeutic application of 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency: a prospective randomised crossover study in healthy adults","volume":"31","author":"Kumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperthermia."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.05.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of thermal and athermal short-wave diathermy for the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Laufer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20374","article-title":"Role of prednisolone treatment in severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"663","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of supine and prone position ventilation combined with high-frequency chest wall oscillation expectoration and ultrashort wave physiotherapy in children with severe pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bengbu Med. Univ."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07382-1","article-title":"Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for the treatment of viral pneumonia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2223","article-title":"Usefulness of procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia according to the patients outcome research team pneumonia severity index","volume":"128","author":"Masi\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.10.007","article-title":"Recent acute reduction in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections among Japanese children","volume":"27","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.6.909-914.2000","article-title":"Close association between pulmonary disease manifestation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and enhanced local production of interleukin-18 in the lung, independent of gamma interferon","volume":"7","author":"Narita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks457","article-title":"Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: its role in respiratory infection","volume":"68","author":"Principi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13050855","article-title":"A review on biological effects of ultrasounds: key messages for clinicians","volume":"13","author":"Quarato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102824","article-title":"Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: early recognition and management","volume":"11","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.014","article-title":"Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation","volume":"170","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23959","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023959","article-title":"A comparison of efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative therapies for severe mycoplasma pneumonia in children: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac170","article-title":"Global prevalence of resistance to macrolides in Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09686-0","article-title":"Ultrashort wave diathermy inhibits pulmonary inflammation in mice with acute lung injury in a HSP70 independent way: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54313-9","article-title":"Cytokine signatures associate with disease severity in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06469-x","article-title":"Differences of clinical features and prognosis between Mycoplasma pneumoniae necrotizing pneumonia and non-Mycoplasma pneumoniae necrotizing pneumonia in children","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1088725","article-title":"Serum cytokine profiling reveals different immune response patterns during general and severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02060-12","article-title":"Surveillance of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Beijing, China, from 2008 to 2012","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01806-13","article-title":"More complications occur in macrolide-resistant than in macrolide-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1712824\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:29:37Z","timestamp":1763965777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1712824\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1712824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1712824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"article-number":"1712824"}}