{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:30:16Z","timestamp":1764657016615,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variability in antibody responses among individuals following vaccination is a common phenomenon. This study employs single-cell transcriptome sequencing to characterize the transcriptomic features underlying these variations during the antibody decline phase after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-five healthy volunteers received two doses of BBIBP-CorV. Antibody levels were measured 109\u2013140 days post-vaccination. From these, 15 samples representing low, median, and high antibody titers were selected for PBMC single-cell RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Re-analysis of antibody kinetics revealed that titers during the decline phase are most strongly associated with long-term persistence. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in immune pathways including lymphocyte activation, antigen presentation (MHC-I and MHC-II), and interferon signaling. Significant variation in HLA genes, particularly HLA-B, was observed across PBMC cell types. Cell-cell communication analysis further identified enhanced MHC-I signaling in high-titer groups, dominated by HLA-B interactions with CD8+ T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings reveal a state of balanced immune alertness during the decline phase, providing insights into the cellular and molecular determinants of long-term humoral immunity and informing future vaccine design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1715387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:26:41Z","timestamp":1764656801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-cell transcriptome profile during the antibody decline phase following inactivated COVID-19 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiatong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meirong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fubaoqian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinmin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255","article-title":"Protection of BNT162b2 vaccine booster against covid-19 in Israel","volume":"385","author":"Bar-On","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl. 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