{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:25:41Z","timestamp":1791296741958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains a serious threat in clinical settings, especially among patients who are immunocompromised, receiving chemotherapy, or in intensive care units. With the rise of antibiotic resistance, drug repurposing offers a promising alternative strategy. Busulfan, an anticancer alkylating agent that induces DNA cross-linking and cytotoxic effects in cancer cells, may exert similar effects on microorganisms, as reported for other alkylating agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the antibacterial potential of busulfan against\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Initially, the antimicrobial activity of busulfan was assessed using the microdilution method, followed by investigations of key virulence factors of the PAO1 strain after treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Busulfan inhibited bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner, with 84% inhibition observed at 108 \u03bcg\/mL, whereas bactericidal activity was only observed at much higher concentrations (MBC &amp;gt;512 and &amp;lt;1,024 \u03bcg\/mL). Busulfan significantly reduced biofilm formation by 55%, decreased live-cell viability by 67% as observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), decreased pyocyanin production by 57%, and impaired iron chelation by 25%. Moreover, moderate synergy with gentamicin was observed at higher concentrations of busulfan. However, treatment with 108 \u03bcg\/mL busulfan showed no effect on PAO1 hemolysis or motility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, busulfan demonstrates antimicrobial activity against\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , particularly through its effects on virulence factors. These preliminary results support the potential value of busulfan for repurposing, although further studies are needed to clarify its mechanism and therapeutic relevance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1721773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:16Z","timestamp":1767335296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Busulfan inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and reduces biofilm biomass and pyocyanin production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Needa A.","family":"Bahkali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhodanne Nicole A.","family":"Lambarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence S.","family":"Sumague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki M.","family":"Dawoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid S.","family":"Almaary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurahman A.","family":"Niazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11182-0","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised cancer patients: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors","volume":"25","author":"Abdulhak","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. 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