{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:50:55Z","timestamp":1776747055044,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2016, China has provided timely HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) under the treat-all policy. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of rapid ART initiation (\u22647 days post-HIV diagnosis) on loss to follow-up (LTFU), mortality, and virologic failure compared with that of delayed ART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included adults with ART-naive HIV infection in Xi\u2019an, China, between 2016 and 2022. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis was used to examine LTFU and death time for rapid and delayed ART initiation. Moreover, multivariate Cox regression was employed to evaluate the correlation between rapid ART initiation and LTFU\/mortality, while logistic regression was utilized to assess the association between rapid ART and 12-month virologic failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 6992 participants, 770 (11.0%) initiated ART \u22647 days postdiagnosis. The percent of ART initiations in the first week postdiagnosis quadrupled from 4.2% in 2016 to 19.7% in 2022. The LTFU rate for rapid ART initiators was comparable to that in the 8\u201329- (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.132) and \u226530-day groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.432). Mortality was notably decreased in the rapid ART group (0.0%) than in the 8\u201329- (1.5%) and \u226530-day groups (2.2%). The rapid ART initiators demonstrated lower odds of developing virologic failure compared with delayed ART initiators (aOR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26\u20130.89;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028; \u22647 days versus \u226530 days).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under China\u2019s treat-all policy, rapid ART initiation showed equivalent LTFU but lower mortality and virologic failure. Chinese HIV patients may benefit from rapidly ART, but they require more intensive, tailored counseling to remain in treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1736328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:30:40Z","timestamp":1768285840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation on loss to follow-up, mortality, and virologic failure among people with human immunodeficiency virus under the treat-all policy in China: analysis of routine data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songnan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinling","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haohua","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangxiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04607-5","article-title":"Analysis of clinical outcomes following implementation of a rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation protocol at a local HIV clinic","volume":"29","author":"Agroia","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2018.12.002","article-title":"Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HIV\/AIDS, (2018)","volume":"57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20211006-00676","article-title":"Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HIV\/AIDS, (2021 edition)","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e539","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30090-X","article-title":"Effects of a multicomponent intervention to streamline initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Africa: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial","volume":"3","author":"Amanyire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.898449","article-title":"Benefits and risks of rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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