{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:56:31Z","timestamp":1784944591113,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impacts global health, primarily due to frequent acute exacerbations caused by respiratory infections. Precise microbial characterization may inform prognostic insights and optimize clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective observational study from December 2023 to February 2025 involving 1146 patients (259 COPD; 887 non-COPD) with suspected respiratory infections. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) and conventional microbiological testing. Multivariate logistic regression identified COPD predictors, and machine learning modeled prognostic outcomes based on microbial profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Distinct pathogen distributions emerged between COPD and non-COPD groups, with COPD patients exhibiting higher prevalence of gram-negative bacteria, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and fungal pathogens. Non-COPD patients demonstrated increased occurrence of atypical pathogens, notably\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . COPD patients also presented higher loads of traditionally commensal microorganisms, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella parvula<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Schaalia odontolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Age, dyspnea, smoking duration, elevated leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and decreased lymphocyte levels were significantly associated with COPD presence. Machine learning identified specific microorganisms as strong predictors of adverse outcomes, such as SARS-CoV-2,\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella parvula<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Achromobacter xylosoxidans<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive microbial profiling using NGS effectively distinguishes pathogen differences between COPD and non-COPD patients, revealing key associations with clinical prognosis. These insights can inform tailored clinical interventions aimed at mitigating COPD exacerbations and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1739849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:32:14Z","timestamp":1768804334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms in COPD-related infections: prognostic correlations and implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chaoying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huibo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701953","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01953-2017","article-title":"The independent contribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to long-term clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis","volume":"51","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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