{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T08:22:23Z","timestamp":1792484543972,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a common intra-abdominal infection with substantial morbidity and mortality, among which gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (GFPLA) represents a more severe clinical subtype. Basically, GFPLA is usually associated with more severe clinical outcomes compared to non-gas-forming PLA (non-GFPLA). The underlying mechanisms driving gas formation remain unclear. This study aimed to explore clinical, microbial, and metabolic characteristics of GFPLA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 176 PLA patients (39 GFPLA, 137 non-GFPLA) were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical variables were compared between groups. Pus samples collected from patients undergoing percutaneous drainage were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to investigate microbial composition and metabolic differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GFPLA patients showed worse liver function, higher inflammatory markers, poorer glycemic control, and higher in-hospital mortality. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed no significant differences in bacterial richness, diversity, or community composition between groups, with\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      dominating in both. Functional microbial predictions showed no association with gas formation. Untargeted metabolomics identified distinct metabolic profiles in GFPLA, with key differential metabolites positively correlated with blood glucose and inflammatory markers but not with\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for GFPLA. Gas formation in PLA is more likely linked to high blood glucose-induced metabolic alterations in the liver micro-environment rather than microbial composition. These findings suggest new potential therapeutic targets by modulating metabolic pathways to improve GFPLA outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1649624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:51:38Z","timestamp":1770792698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical, microbial and metabolic characteristics of gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess and its potential formation mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zibo","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707267","article-title":"Comparative metabolomics reveals the microenvironment of common T-helper cells and differential immune cells linked to unique periapical lesions","volume":"12","author":"Altaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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