{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:43:40Z","timestamp":1780695820973,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alongshan virus (ALSV) is an emerging tick-borne segmented flavivirus associated with human febrile illness, belonging to Jingmenvirus group in the family\n                      <jats:italic>Flaviviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) has been considered as the competent vector of ALSV in the field studies; however, no experimental study has yet evaluated the vector competence of\n                      <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the maintenance and transmission of ALSV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      adult ticks were infected with ALSV via anal pore microinjection. salivary glands (SG), midgut (MG), and ovaries (OV) were collected and subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for ALSV RNA detection. Ticks fed on Kunming (KM) or NOD-SCID IL2rg-\/- (NTG) mice, and their eggs, molted progeny, and mice tissues were collected for ALSV RNA detection to evaluate vector competence in maintaining and transmitting ALSV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Viral RNA levels in ALSV-microinjected ticks increased significantly, peaking at 7\u00a0d.p.i. Viral RNA in SG, MG, and OV tissues showed a significant upward trend over time, with higher copy numbers in MG than in SG and OV. Eggs, hatched larvae, engorged larvae, molted nymphs, engorged nymphs, and adults all exhibited high levels of viral RNA copies, ranging from approximately 10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      to 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      copies\/\u03bcL. Viral RNA was detected in the blood and tissues of mice bitten by ALSV-infected adult, larval, and nymphal ticks, with lower RNA copies in adult-bitten mice than in larvae- or nymph-bitten mice. Notably, viral RNA copy numbers were significantly higher in the blood and tissues of mice inoculated with ALSV and then bitten by ALSV-free immature ticks, compared to those receiving ALSV alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>I. persulcatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks are competent vectors for ALSV, capable of transmitting the virus both vertically and horizontally with high efficiency, with tick bite-induced modulation of viral levels in mice varying according to the developmental stage of the tick.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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