{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:30:54Z","timestamp":1789601454698,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize gut microbiome alterations and microbial translocation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infected patients and identify microbial signatures associated with COVID-19 severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort study, blood and fecal samples from 38 HIV\/AIDS patients (20 SARS-CoV-2 co-infected [PC group]; 18 SARS-CoV-2-negative [NC group]) were analyzed. The PC group was stratified by COVID-19 severity: mild-to-moderate (PC1, n=13), severe-to-critical (PC2, n=3), and mixed infections (PC3, n=4). Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and zonulin levels were measured to assess microbial translocation and gut barrier integrity. Fecal metagenomic profiling was performed via whole-genome shotgun sequencing (Illumina NovaSeq\/HiSeq).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Co-infected patients exhibited significantly elevated plasma LPS (78.09\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      48.72 pg\/mL, p=0.032) and sCD14 (2667\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      1927 ng\/mL, p=0.0015) compared to controls. Although no differences in \u03b1-diversity or overall taxonomic abundance were observed between the PC and NC groups, 329 PC-unique and 216 NC-unique microbial species were identified. Nine genera demonstrated diagnostic potential for co-infection [Area Under the Curve (AUC), &amp;gt;0.7] with\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      showing the highest predictive value (AUC = 0.811). Critically,\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance was significantly reduced in severe-to-critical cases (PC2) versus mild-moderate cases (PC1, p=0.043) and controls (NC, p=0.006). Besides, our function prediction for gut microbiota suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may exacerbate lipid metabolic dysregulation in HIV-infected individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HIV\/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection is characterized by heightened microbial translocation and species-specific microbiota alterations rather than global dysbiosis.\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      depletion may correlate with COVID-19 severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1688580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:51:47Z","timestamp":1770879107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut microbiota alterations and microbial translocation in HIV\/SARS-CoV-2 co-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangkai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuibao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102316","article-title":"From gut to blood: redistribution of zonulin in people living with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Augustin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1198","article-title":"Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"73","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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